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D'Annunzio gave Giuriati command of the Carnaro legion in Zara and, in February 1920, sent him to Paris in a vain attempt to be admitted at the peace conference, as a representative of the military government of Fiume. Giuriati then worked to found the Fiume League, in opposition to the League of Nations, to represent all the peoples and ...
- Continental Background: The Paris Peace Conference
- D’Annunzio’s Coup in Fiume
- Forging Italian Contacts
- O’Kelly’S Mission to Rome
- D’Annunzio’s Delegation
- Preparations For The Importation of Italian Arms
- The Plan Unravels
- Abandonment of The Operation
From January 1919, the revolutionary Irish Republic sought to associate the cause of Irish independence with the principle of self-determination, which became the zeitgeist of the immediate post-war era as championed by US president Woodrow Wilson. Despite the refusal of the victorious Allied powers to afford Irish Republicans a hearing at the Pari...
The Fiume crisis was exacerbated by the Italian general and poet Gabriele D’Annunzio who led an army of 2,600 nationalist war veterans to capture the city in an irredentist coup d’étaton 12 September 1919. He opposed Italy’s ‘mutilated victory’ in the war -claiming that Italy had not been sufficiently rewarded for its sacrifices with the award of n...
O’Kelly’s eagerness to establish contact with the Italian occupants of Fiume mirrored D’Annunzio’s own aspirations to forge a relationship with the Irish Republicans. D’Annunzio’s motivations were partly ideological: he believed Italy was a ‘proletarian nation’ (a neologism he borrowed from fellow poet Giovanni Pascoli) which lay outside the clique...
In January 1920 Seán T. O’Kelly relocated to the Irish College in Rome to recover from rheumatic fever. At the Irish College he renewed his friendship with the college’s rector, Monsignor John Hagan, who was ‘the main architect of [the Republic’s] Vatican policy, acting at the same time as a mediator between bishops, politicians and the Holy See.’ ...
Later that month, D’Annunzio sanctioned a mission of representatives to meet O’Kelly at the Irish College. Unable to personally receive the delegation, the task of greeting these peculiar guests – ostentatiously dressed in military-style uniforms – fell to the vice-rector Monsignor Curran. The delegation presented Curran with a declaration ‘against...
The promise made at the Milan meeting, which aroused such delight in O’Kelly, was quickly recognised as an opportunity to be seized. Plans were quickly devised in Ireland to facilitate the acquisition, transport, landing and dissimilation of the lucrative bounty. Dónal Hales, a Republican envoy in Genoa, received orders from Dublin to make arrangem...
For D’Annunzio, 1921 began bleakly in the immediate aftermath of the ignominious end of his regime on 30 December following the ‘Bloody Christmas’ fighting between the Italian government and Fiume’s occupants. D’Annunzio and his followers were ultimately forced to abandon Fiume, when he came under attack by Italian military forces, after the govern...
Despite meticulous preparations, the project was delayed and finally aborted surreptitiously by Collins. The seismic events of the Truce and the subsequent Treaty overshadowed the Italian plans, which were gradually shelved. Those involved in the plans recalled frustration and confusion. O’Shea remembered ‘a few months elapsed and there was no word...
Nonetheless, Giuriati briefly served as provisional President of the territory after a coup d'état against the government of the Free State of Fiume in March 1922. Meanwhile, he had joined the Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF), being elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1921.
A statement where someone might recognize a hint of Giovanni Giuriati, Head of Cabinet in Fiume, and influential figure in the Italian war-propaganda office, at the time industriously committed to infiltrate Radic's autonomist Croatian "Peasant Party".
Dec 8, 2019 · With the still bomb throwing Giovanni Giuriati acting as an intermediary, Fiume promised arms and millions of rounds ammunition to half a dozen Balkan separatist groups if they pledged to destroy the fledgling state.
Oct 9, 2020 · Giovanni Giolitti, who succeeded Nitti as Prime Minister in mid-1920, was more effective. He negotiated directly with the Yugoslavs and, in November 1920, the two countries reached an agreement. The Treaty of Rapallo declared that Fiume was to be independent. Italy kept Trieste and Istria.
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Apr 5, 2022 · The Free State of Fiume existed from November 12, 1920 through the end of 1923. Instead of being an emblem of peace it was a tiny version of the Wild West. The first election was immediately contested. Governments came and went, sometimes in a matter of a few days.
