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General Format. In-Text Citations: The Basics. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors. Footnotes and Endnotes. Reference List: Basic Rules. Reference List: Author/Authors. Reference List: Articles in Periodicals. Reference List: Books. Reference List: Other Print Sources.
- General Format
Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example...
- APA Sample Paper
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample...
- In-Text Citations: The Basics
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the...
- Reference List: Basic Rules
Reference List: Basic Rules. This resourse, revised...
- Reference List: Electronic Sources
Abstract. APA 7 th edition does not provide guidance on how...
- Reference List: Books
The following contains a list of the most commonly cited...
- Changes in The 7th Edition
However, you do not need to provide an in-text citation or a...
- Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Please note: the following contains a list of the most...
- In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
Note: In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the...
- Reference List: Author/Authors
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year. If...
- General Format
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- Apa In-Text Citations
- Apa References
- Formatting The Apa Reference Page
- Free Lecture Slides
The basics
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism. Our plagiarism checkercan help ensure your paper contains appropriate author attributions. An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you...
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator. 1. Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). 2. Narrative citation: Smith (2020)notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization. Generate APA citations for free
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
The basics
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page right after the main body and before any appendices. On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: 1. Double spacing (within and between references) 2. Hanging indent of ½ inch 3. Legible font (e.g. Times New Roma...
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communicationsthat your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Open Google SlidesDownload PowerPoint
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Nov 5, 2020 · APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date.
- When citing a webpage or online article , the APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and year of publication. For example: (Worlan...
- When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If t...
- When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a...
- APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online so...
- No author Instead of the author’s name, include the first few words of the work’s title in the in-text citation. Enclose the title in double quotat...
Nov 4, 2020 · APA in-text citations consist of the author’s last name and publication year. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39–41).
- Use the source title.
- Write “n.d.” for “no date”.
APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism. We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct ...
APA Style uses the author–date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
