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What are examples of references?
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Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article) and follow the relevant example.
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Common Reference Examples Guide. This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well ...
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5 days ago · There are many different types of references (e.g. books, journal articles, websites). Click on the type you require below to see the components of the reference with an example. Books. Journal Articles. Web pages and social media. Newspaper articles. Dictionary or Encyclopaedia. Thesis or Dissertation. Reports and Datasets. Standards. Conferences.
Nov 1, 2007 · Learn how to format your reference list of sources cited in your study in APA style. These instructional pages offer examples of reference list entries for different types of sources as well as guidance on the variations for citing online materials using doi numbers and URLs.
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- Apa In-Text Citations
- Apa References
- Formatting The Apa Reference Page
- Free Lecture Slides
The basics
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism. An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 202...
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator. 1. Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). 2. Narrative citation: Smith (2020)notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization. Generate APA citations for free
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
The basics
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page right after the main body and before any appendices. On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: 1. Double spacing (within and between references) 2. Hanging indent of ½ inch 3. Legible font (e.g. Times New Roma...
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communicationsthat your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Open Google SlidesDownload PowerPoint
- (Smith, 2020)
- (Smith et al., 2020)
- (Scribbr, 2020)
- (Smith & Jones, 2020)
Apr 9, 2021 · Revised on January 17, 2024. The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see examples for common source types.
