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The computer programming paradigm defines the style of programming, approach to solve problem and method of computer systems towards providing solutions use programming. There is a classification of programming paradigms into two broad paradigms i.e., imperative and declarative. This article is based on the introduction to imperative programming, its key features, its advantages and disadvantages.
Classification of Programming Paradigms
What is Imperative Programming?
Programming paradigm which is based on steps or series of statements and provides variation in the state of the program at each step is called imperative programming. Imperative programming deals with performance of the program by specifying the sequence of commands where commands are executed sequentially and change the state of the program until the end result is achieved. In imperative programming, computer receives the series of commands in steps from program to achieve the result.
Features of Imperative Programing
There are some important key features which belongs to the imperative programming.
Control Flow: Imperative programming is based on control structures, assignment variables...
- Control Flow: Imperative programming is based on control structures, assignment variables and I/O (input/output) statements.
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Answered Aug 22, 2017 · 189 votes
Definition: An imperative language uses a sequence of statements to determine how to reach a certain goal. These statements are said to change the state of the program as each one is executed in turn.
Examples: Java is an imperative language. For example, a program can be created to add a series of numbers:
int total = 0; int number1 = 5; int number2 = 10; int number3 = 15; total = number1 + number2 + number3;
Each statement changes the state of the program, from assigning values to each variable to the final addition of those values. Using a sequence of five statements the program is explicitly told how to add the numbers 5, 10 and 15 together.
Functional languages: The functional programming paradigm was explicitly created to support a pure functional approach to problem solving. Functional programming is a form of declarative programming.
Advantages of Pure Functions: The primary reason to implement functional transformations as pure functions is that pure functions are composable: that is, self-contained and stateless. These characteristics bring a number of benefits, including the following: Increased readability and maintainability. This is because each function is designed to accomplish a specific task given its arguments. The function does not rely on any external state.
Easier reiterative development. Because the code is easier to refactor, changes to design are often easier to implement. For example, suppose you write a complicated transformation, and then realize that some code is repeated several times in the transformation. If you refactor through a pure method, you can call your pure method at will without worrying about side effects.
Easier testing and debugging. Because pure functions can more easily be tested in isolation, you can write test code that calls the pure function with typical values, valid edge cases, and invalid edge cases.
For OOP People or Imperative languages:
Object-oriented languages are good when you have a fixed set of operations on things and as your code evolves, you primarily add new things. This can be accomplished by adding new classes which implement existing methods and the existing classes are left alone.
Functional languages are good when you have a fixed set of things and as your code evolves, you primarily add new operations on existing things. This can be accomplished by adding new functions which compute with existing data types and the existing functions are left alone.
Cons:
It depends on the user requirements to choose the way of programming, so there is harm only when users don’t choose the proper way.
When evolution goes the wrong way, you have problems:
- Adding a new operation to an object-oriented program may require editing many class definitions to add a new method
- Adding a new kind of thing to a functional program may require editing many function definitions to add a new case.
Other Answers
Answered Jul 24, 2013 · 267 votes
Here is the difference:
Imperative:
- Start
- Turn on your shoes size 9 1/2.
- Make room in your pocket to keep an array[7] of keys.
- Put the keys in the room for the keys in the pocket.
- Enter garage.
- Open garage.
- Enter Car.
... and so on and on ...
- Put the milk in the refrigerator.
- Stop.
Declarative, whereof functional is a subcategory:
- Milk is a healthy drink, unless you have problems digesting lactose.
- Usually, one stores milk in a refrigerator.
- A refrigerator is a box that keeps the things in it cool.
- A store is a place where items are sold.
- By "selling" we mean the exchange of things for money.
- Also, the exchange of money for things is called "buying".
... and so on and on ...
- Make sure we have milk in the refrigerator (when we need it - for lazy functional languages).
Summary: In imperative languages you tell the computer how to change bits, bytes and words in it's memory and in what order. In functional ones, we tell the computer what things, actions etc. are. For example, we say that the factorial of 0 is 1, and the factorial of every other natural number is the product of that number and the factorial of its predecessor. We don't say: To compute the factorial of n, reserve a memory region and store 1 there, then multiply the number in that memory region with the numbers 2 to n and store the result at the same place, and at the end, the memory region will contain the factorial.
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Answered Nov 03, 2020 · 22 votes
Most modern languages are in varying degree both imperative and functional but to better understand functional programming, it will be best to take an example of pure functional language like Haskell in contrast of imperative code in not so functional language like java/C#. I believe it is always easy to explain by example, so below is one.
Functional programming: calculate factorial of n i.e n! i.e n x (n-1) x (n-2) x ...x 2 X 1
-- | Haskell comment goes like-- | below 2 lines is code to calculate factorial and 3rd is it's execution factorial 0 = 1factorial n = n * factorial (n - 1)factorial 3-- | for brevity let's call factorial as f; And x => y shows order execution left to right-- | above executes as := f(3) as 3 x f(2) => f(2) as 2 x f(1) => f(1) as 1 x f(0) => f(0) as 1 -- | 3 x (2 x (1 x (1)) = 6
Notice that Haskel allows function overloading to the level of argument value. Now below is example of imperative code in increasing degree of imperativeness:
//somewhat functional wayfunction factorial(n) { if(n < 1) { return 1; } return n * factorial(n-1); }factorial(3);//somewhat more imperative wayfunction imperativeFactor(n) { int f = 1; for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { f = f * i; } return f;}
This read can be a good reference to understand that how imperative code focus more on how part, state of machine (i in for loop), order of execution, flow control.
The later example can be seen as java/C# lang code roughly and first part as limitation of the language itself in contrast of Haskell to overload the function by value (zero) and hence can be said it is not purist functional language, on the other hand you can say it support functional prog. to some extent.
Disclosure: none of the above code is tested/executed but hopefully should be good enough to convey the concept; also I would appreciate comments for any such correction :)
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Answered Jul 22, 2016 · 10 votes
This is a tough one because the terms involved often mean different things to different people.
Roughly speaking (although some would say "strictly speaking") imperative is the opposite of declarative.
Strict OO proponents would likely say that OO is declarative. See the "Object Thinking" style of OO in David West's book of that name and this blog: http://www.yegor256.com/.
OO as it is commonly practiced often "devolves" (again, others will sharply disagree) into a very procedural and imperative style where you start telling the computer what to do rather than describing and modeling the real world (in some sense) with your objects.
(Here's a video that might be useful. It contrasts procedural programming and OO, and for our purposes here "procedural" is roughly a synonym for "imperative".)
I know that's not a great answer, but maybe it's useful.
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Top Answer
Answered Aug 29, 2015 · 1075 votes
A great C# example of declarative vs. imperative programming is LINQ.
With imperative programming, you tell the compiler what you want to happen, step by step.
For example, let's start with this collection, and choose the odd numbers:
List<int> collection = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };-
With imperative programming, we'd step through this, and decide what we want:
List<int> results = new List<int>();foreach(var num in collection){ if (num % 2 != 0) results.Add(num);}
Here, we're saying:
- Create a result collection
- Step through each number in the collection
- Check the number, if it's odd, add it to the results
With declarative programming, on the other hand, you write code that describes what you want, but not necessarily how to get it (declare your desired results, but not the step-by-step):
var results = collection.Where( num => num % 2 != 0);-
Here, we're saying "Give us everything where it's odd", not "Step through the collection. Check this item, if it's odd, add it to a result collection."
In many cases, code will be a mixture of both designs, too, so it's not always black-and-white.
Other Answers
Answered Jul 24, 2013 · 267 votes
Here is the difference:
Imperative:
- Start
- Turn on your shoes size 9 1/2.
- Make room in your pocket to keep an array[7] of keys.
- Put the keys in the room for the keys in the pocket.
- Enter garage.
- Open garage.
- Enter Car.
... and so on and on ...
- Put the milk in the refrigerator.
- Stop.
Declarative, whereof functional is a subcategory:
- Milk is a healthy drink, unless you have problems digesting lactose.
- Usually, one stores milk in a refrigerator.
- A refrigerator is a box that keeps the things in it cool.
- A store is a place where items are sold.
- By "selling" we mean the exchange of things for money.
- Also, the exchange of money for things is called "buying".
... and so on and on ...
- Make sure we have milk in the refrigerator (when we need it - for lazy functional languages).
Summary: In imperative languages you tell the computer how to change bits, bytes and words in it's memory and in what order. In functional ones, we tell the computer what things, actions etc. are. For example, we say that the factorial of 0 is 1, and the factorial of every other natural number is the product of that number and the factorial of its predecessor. We don't say: To compute the factorial of n, reserve a memory region and store 1 there, then multiply the number in that memory region with the numbers 2 to n and store the result at the same place, and at the end, the memory region will contain the factorial.
Other Answers
Answered Nov 03, 2020 · 22 votes
Most modern languages are in varying degree both imperative and functional but to better understand functional programming, it will be best to take an example of pure functional language like Haskell in contrast of imperative code in not so functional language like java/C#. I believe it is always easy to explain by example, so below is one.
Functional programming: calculate factorial of n i.e n! i.e n x (n-1) x (n-2) x ...x 2 X 1
-- | Haskell comment goes like-- | below 2 lines is code to calculate factorial and 3rd is it's execution -factorial 0 = 1factorial n = n * factorial (n - 1)factorial 3-- | for brevity let's call factorial as f; And x => y shows order execution left to right-- | above executes as := f(3) as 3 x f(2) => f(2) as 2 x f(1) => f(1) as 1 x f(0) => f(0) as 1 -- | 3 x (2 x (1 x (1)) = 6
Notice that Haskel allows function overloading to the level of argument value. Now below is example of imperative code in increasing degree of imperativeness:
//somewhat functional wayfunction factorial(n) { if(n < 1) { return 1; } return n * factorial(n-1); }factorial(3);//somewhat more imperative wayfunction imperativeFactor(n) { int f = 1; for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) { f = f * i; } return f;}
This read can be a good reference to understand that how imperative code focus more on how part, state of machine (i in for loop), order of execution, flow control.
The later example can be seen as java/C# lang code roughly and first part as limitation of the language itself in contrast of Haskell to overload the function by value (zero) and hence can be said it is not purist functional language, on the other hand you can say it support functional prog. to some extent.
Disclosure: none of the above code is tested/executed but hopefully should be good enough to convey the concept; also I would appreciate comments for any such correction :)
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Answer: An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that conveys a command, request, suggestion, or advice, expressing emotions.Imperative sentences don’t have a subject as they directly address the person by giving direct commands, suggestions, advice, or permission. Always use verbs in the simple present tense in an imperative sentence. For example, in the sentence “Close the door,” here, the imperative verb “close” directly instructs the listener to perform the action without explicitly stating the subject.
Imperative sentences can take various forms, including positive commands (e.g., “Open the window”), negative commands (e.g., “Don’t forget to submit the report”), or polite requests (e.g., “Please pass the salt”). Their direct and concise nature makes imperative sentences effective for issuing instructions and engaging with the audience in a clear and assertive manner.
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en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Imperative_programmingImperative programming - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Imperative_programmingIn computer science, imperative programming is a programming paradigm of software that uses statements that change a program's state. In much the same way that the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands, an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform.
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www.geeksforgeeks.org › what-is-imperative-programmingWhat is Imperative Programming? - GeeksforGeeks
www.geeksforgeeks.org › what-is-imperative-programmingApr 25, 2024 · Imperative programming deals with performance of the program by specifying the sequence of commands where commands are executed sequentially and change the state of the program until the end result is achieved. In imperative programming, computer receives the series of commands in steps from program to achieve the result.
www.techtarget.com › imperative-programmingWhat is imperative programming ? | Definition from TechTarget
www.techtarget.com › imperative-programmingTechTarget Contributor. Imperative programming is a software development paradigm where Functions are implicitly coded in every step required to solve a problem. In imperative programming, every operation is coded and the code itself specifies how the problem is to be solved, which means that pre-coded models are not called on.
www.computerhope.com › jargon › iWhat is Imperative Programming? - Computer Hope
www.computerhope.com › jargon › iSep 12, 2023 · Imperative programming is a paradigm of computer programming where the program describes steps that change the state of the computer. Unlike declarative programming, which describes "what" a program should accomplish, imperative programming explicitly tells the computer "how" to accomplish it.
www.educative.io › blog › declarative-vs-imperativeDeclarative vs imperative programming: 5 key differences
www.educative.io › blog › declarative-vs-imperativeJul 18, 2022 · What is imperative programming? Imperative programming is the oldest and most basic programming approach. Within the imperative paradigm, code describes a step-by-step process for a program’s execution.
www.ionos.com › imperative-programmingImperative programming: Advantages & disadvantages of the ...
www.ionos.com › imperative-programmingMay 21, 2021 · What is imperative programming? Imperative programming (from Latin imperare = command) is the oldest programming paradigm. A program based on this paradigm is made up of a clearly-defined sequence of instructions to a computer.
www.devmaking.com › learn › programming-paradigmsImperative Paradigm | Programming Paradigms | DevMaking
www.devmaking.com › learn › programming-paradigmsMar 29, 2021 · What is Imperative Programming? The imperative programming paradigm uses a sequence of statements to modify a program's state through the use of variables. The goal of the imperative paradigm is to specify how a program should execute through explicit instructions.
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