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  2. Planck took the acceptance of Einstein’s light quanta to imply the rejection of Maxwells electromagnetic waves, which, he said, “seems to me to be a step which in my opinion is not yet necessary” [10]. The only physicist who supported Einstein’s light-quantum hypothesis was Johannes Stark.

  3. physicists generally had rejected his light-quantum hypothesis by around 1913. These physicists included Robert A. Millikan, who con rmed Einstein’s equation of the photo-electric e ect in 1915 but rejected Einstein’s interpretation of it. Only after Arthur H. Compton, as a result of six years of experimental and theoretical work ...

  4. Mar 27, 2018 · Einstein was undeterred, and he continued to explore the consequences of light as a particle, implementing it at will in his work on quantum theory, as he blazed the way forward.

  5. Einstein is considered the third founder of Quantum Theory because he described light as quanta in his theory of the Photoelectric Effect, for which he won the 1921 Nobel Prize. May 15, 1935: The Physical Review publishes the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) paper claiming to refute Quantum Theory.

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    How Einstein ever got tagged as antiquantum is almost as big a mystery as quantum mechanics itself. The very notion of quanta—of discrete units of energy—was his brainchild in 1905, and for a decade and a half he stood practically alone in its defense. Einstein came up with most of what physicists now recognize as the essential features of quantum ...

    If you tug on Copenhagen’s loose ends, Einstein thought, you should find that quantum randomness is like every other type of randomness in physics: the product of deeper goings-on. The dancing of a dust mote in a shaft of sunlight betrays the complex motions of unseen air molecules, and the emission of a photon or radioactive decay of a nucleus is ...

    Although Einstein’s overall project failed, his basic intuition about randomness still holds: indeterminism can emerge from determinism. The quantum and subquantum levels—or any other pair of levels in the hierarchy of nature—consist of distinct types of structures, so they abide by different types of laws. The laws governing one level can leave a ...

    When you think in terms of levels, the worry that indeterminism might mark the end of science evaporates. There is no big wall around us, cordoning off a law-abiding chunk of the universe from the anarchic and inexplicable beyond. Instead the world is a layer cake of determinism and indeterminism. Earth’s climate, for example, supervenes on Newton’...

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  6. Aug 17, 2018 · However, Millikan categorically rejected Einsteins light-quantum hypothesis as an interpretation of his experiments—despite his own words to the contrary in his later, self-aggrandizing autobiography.

  7. Sep 17, 1973 · Millikan (1916) pro-vided experimental evidence for Einstein’s photoelectric equation and still rejected the hypothesis of light quanta. Actually, Millikan went far beyond this by considering Einstein’s hypothesis reckless, as it could not explain thoroughly established facts of interference.

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