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    • To ensure their safe travels

      • Before setting out, Gilgamesh and Enkidu make a pilgrimage to the Temple of Shamash, where they, too, make their formal offerings. During the heroes' journey, each morning they pray and make libations to Shamash in the direction of the rising sun to ensure their safe travels.
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  2. In the heat of the battle, Gilgamesh offers up a desperate prayer to Shamash. Shamash hears him and unleashes thirteen storms against Humbaba. Humbaba staggers and reels under this divine onslaught, and at last Gilgamesh overtakes him. But Humbaba pleads for mercy and says he knows Gilgamesh is Ninsun’s son.

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  3. Gilgamesh knows which side his bread is buttered on, because he prays to Shamash every night during their journey. Once the friends actually arrive at the Cedar Forest, they are completely terrified—but Shamash steps in to help them, telling them now is the moment to strike.

  4. Gilgamesh prays to Shamash for help, and Shamash commands the eight winds to attack Humbaba, blinding him and preventing him from moving. Gilgamesh’s certainty that he will not die reveals his still-arrogant understanding of mortality.

  5. Gilgamesh dispenses the advice that the trapper's father said he would, thus showing that he knows her reputation too—or maybe, as Stephen Mitchell hints in his introduction to Gilgamesh, that Gilgamesh himself has slept with her. But the real proof comes when Shamhat and the trapper actually arrive back at the watering hole.

  6. Shamash the glorious sun endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they made him god and one third man.

  7. Shamash speaks to Enkidu, asking why he curses this woman who brought him into a lavish life with Gilgamesh as his companion. Shamash reminds Enkidu that Gilgamesh has given him much, and that when Enkidu dies Gilgamesh will mourn him. Enkidu takes back his curse, praying that Shamhat will be sought after by many men and become rich.

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