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Tau (/ ˈ t ɔː, ˈ t ɒ, ˈ t aʊ /; [1] uppercase Τ, lowercase τ or ; Greek: ταυ) is the nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless dental or alveolar plosive IPA:. In the system of Greek numerals , it has a value of 300.
- Overview
- What is tau protein?
- How does tau protein contribute to Alzheimer’s disease?
- What causes tau protein to build up?
- How do doctors detect tau protein in the brain?
- Are there Alzheimer’s treatments that target tau protein?
- How can I reduce tau protein in my brain naturally?
- Takeaway
The irregular buildup of tau protein in the brain can form “tangles,” which researchers link to several brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. This may have implications for detecting and treating Alzheimer’s.
Each year, millions of people worldwide receive a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Although this condition has no cure, researchers are making important strides in understanding how it develops.
Tau proteins are a structural component of all cells, including nervous system cells called neurons. Tau proteins bind to long, hollow fibers called microtubules to stabilize them.
Microtubules are crisscrossed in a lattice-like structure within the outer part of a neuron. They allow the neuron to maintain its shape. They also help with nutrient transport and cell division.
Scientists have linked Alzheimer’s disease to tau protein irregularities in the brain. These irregularities cause tau to detach from microtubules, which then become weak and collapse.
This abnormal tau clumps together to form dense clumps of fibers known as neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles block a neuron’s ability to communicate with other neurons.
According to a 2022 literature review, research shows that the presence of tau neurofibrillary tangles is positively correlated to signs of Alzheimer’s. In other words, more tau tangles usually mean more symptoms.
But Alzheimer’s disease is complex, and abnormal tau isn’t the only observable brain change. Deposits of beta-amyloid protein, known as plaques, are another hallmark.
Experts believe certain molecular changes play a role in Alzheimer’s-related tau buildup.
One such process is called phosphorylation. During tau phosphorylation, enzymes help phosphate molecules bind to tau.
Studies show a link between increased tau phosphorylation (hyperphosphorylation) and tau tangles in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s. However, tau hyperphosphorylation doesn’t always cause tau buildup.
In addition, it’s not entirely clear what triggers tau hyperphosphorylation. One hypothesis suggests that chronic inflammation plays a role.
Doctors use two tests to measure tau buildup in the brain.
PET scans are a type of brain imaging technique. Known as a tau-PET, this imaging test uses a special dye to help doctors visualize tau tangles in the brain.
Doctors can also measure tau protein levels by testing the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. They can extract this fluid via a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap.
Researchers are also exploring the possibility of using a blood-based marker of tau buildup called p-tau. In other words, detecting tau may soon be possible using a simple blood test.
Alzheimer’s treatments that stop tau hyperphosphorylation and the formation of tangles are currently in development. Some are even undergoing clinical trials.
One therapy is a vaccine designed to train your immune system to destroy abnormal tau before it affects neurons. AADvac1 has the potential to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. It’s currently undergoing clinical trials.
Other potential therapies include protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activators, which reduce tau hyperphosphorylation.
A 2023 systematic review found that additional clinical studies are needed to show whether this approach is effective.
Healthy tau serves many important functions within cells all over the body.
However, the following lifestyle and diet strategies might help prevent toxic tau buildup:
•Dietary strategies: Following the MIND diet, which combines aspects of the Mediterranean and DASH diets, may help improve cognitive function.
•Exercise regularly: Consistent exercise has been shown to prevent Alzheimer’s and slow the disease’s progression.
Tau protein is an important component of all cells, including brain cells. Healthy tau acts as a stabilizer for microtubules, which form lattices that help cells keep their shape.
But research links tau phosphorylation and buildup in the brain to dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Doctors often measure tau levels when diagnosing Alzheimer’s.
Many current studies explore the role of tau in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, several therapies to stop or slow tau phosphorylation and accumulation are in development.
To learn more about experimental therapies, talk with a healthcare professional or visit ClinicialTrials.gov.
Tau ( τ) ( / ˈtɔː, ˈtaʊ /) is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its radius. This produces a number, and that number is always the same. However, the number is rather strange. The number starts as 6.283185307179586 and continues without end. Numbers like this are called irrational numbers.
tau: [noun] the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet — see Alphabet Table.
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Jun 29, 2018 · Tau: Directed by Federico D'Alessandro. With Maika Monroe, Ed Skrein, Gary Oldman, Fiston Barek. A woman is held captive by a scientist in a futuristic smart house, and hopes to escape by reasoning with the Artificial Intelligence that controls the house.
Dec 3, 2015 · Tau is a microtubule-stabilizing protein that aggregates in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, Wang and Mandelkow describe the structure, expression and post-translational ...
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