Oliver Tobias
Arthur
Ad
related to: Arthur of the Britons tvFind deals on arthur of the britons on Amazon. Browse & discover thousands of brands. Read customer reviews & find best sellers
Search results
- / Movies & TV Shows
Arthur of the Britons
1972
- 1972 · Docudrama
This reviewer received promo considerations or sweepstakes entry for writing a review. Didn't even finish it. It was more like a documentary and not the movie I was expecting to watch. Best Buy has honest and unbiased customer reviews for Arthur: King of the Britons [DVD] [2002]. Read helpful reviews from our customers.
- (8)
People also ask
Where did King Arthur live?
What are the main story lines of King Arthur?
How did Robert de Boron make the Arthurian legends a Christian frame-work?
Our hand-picked selection of the 50 top TV comedies ever mixes homegrown hits with imported gems, live action with animation, recent picks with vintage favourites. We agonised over what to include ...
15 hours ago · The Beginning After the End (TBATE) chapter 182 is set to premiere in a couple of hours. The previous chapter saw Tessia argue with Arthur and Virion about keeping Cynthia’s death a secret.
- Overview
- Rise of relics
- Chalice contenders
- Royal quest
- Keepers of the Grail
- Tellings and re-tellings
King Arthur is the most famous figure to seek the cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, but others came before him—and their tales are as ornate as the object itself.
The Chalice of Valencia's intriguing inscriptions lead some to believe it could be the Holy Grail. Kept in a Spanish monastery until 1399, it was moved to the Valencia Cathedral in the by Alfonso V (the Magnanimous), king of Aragon.
The Holy Grail has occupied a central place in the Western imagination for millennia, whether as a sacred relic, a lost treasure, or an object of unattainable perfection. But the Grail did not begin as any of those things. Rather it was a simple cup at the Last Supper. The earliest reference to it can be found in Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians, the basis of the sacrament of the Eucharist. Written around A.D. 53, Paul’s words are heard every Sunday by many Christian worshippers around the world: “In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me’” (1 Corinthians 11:25).
The Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke also describe how the soon-to-be crucified Jesus bids his disciples to drink wine from a cup as a communal ritual. (The Gospel of John makes no mention of it.) The oldest Gospel account of the Last Supper is that of Mark, written sometime after Paul’s epistle but before the destruction of the Jewish Temple in A.D. 70. The later Gospels of Matthew and Luke also present the key elements of Mark’s account.
(How did Jesus' final days unfold? Scholars are still debating.)
As Christianity grew and spread, the miraculous process by which bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ developed into the doctrine of transubstantiation. This belief was widespread in Christian Europe by the 12th century, and the vessels that were part of these Holy Communion ceremonies became venerated themselves. It was around this time that the original cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper began to appear in literature. Dubbed the Holy Grail, the cup’s whereabouts, protectors, and powers were a favorite topic of medieval authors. The search for the Grail and the contest to possess it became the basis for a rich tradition of literature and storytelling that would last for centuries.
The fate of the original chalice from the Last Supper is unknown, but relics associated with Jesus began to surface shortly after the Roman emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity. His mother, Helena, was a Christian herself and believed to be instrumental in her son’s conversion. Around the year 325, shortly after the religion was recognized by the Roman Empire, Helena (later canonized as a saint) made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in search of early Christian relics and sacred sites.
(A black market for holy relics thrived in the Middle Ages.)
Among the stops on her tour was Jerusalem, but the city no longer resembled the one when Jesus lived. Roman legions had razed the city in A.D. 70 following the brutal suppression of a rebellion in Judea. Decades later, this time under the leadership of Hadrian, they again ravaged the city in 135 to crush a new revolt led by Bar Kokhba.
Helena was undeterred in her identification and mapping of holy sites. She had the invaluable help of Eusebius of Caesarea, a bishop and historian from Palestine whose Ecclesiastical History laid the foundations for the official history of Christianity. As a result of their “archaeological” investigations, specific places began to be associated with events surrounding the life and death of Jesus as described in the Bible.
Helena is credited with finding several relics, most notably the True Cross on which Jesus was crucified. Other items associated with her pilgrimage were a nail from the Crucifixion and the seamless robe Jesus wore on the cross. Helena also identified the tomb where Jesus was buried, the future site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built on Roman orders.
(Age of Jesus Christ’s purported tomb revealed.)
The first mention of the existence of an actual Grail relic comes in 570 in the form of an anonymous travelogue to the Holy Land, written by a man scholars call the pilgrim of Piacenza. In Jerusalem he saw “the sponge and the reed, about which we read in the Gospel; we drank water from this sponge. There is also the onyx cup which He blessed at the [last] supper, and many other wonders.” Over the next few centuries, references to the chalice dwindled considerably, even as veneration of relics increased in medieval Europe.
(How Jesus's childhood influenced the Gospels.)
Around the same time that these chalices began drawing attention, literature also began focusing on the vessel and centering epic stories around it. The Holy Grail, as it would become known, was taking its place as one of the most precious and desired objects in all of Christendom.
The word “grail” itself is pregnant with meaning and mystery, with deep Christian connotations. Two etymologies are cited for the word. Its most likely origin is the medieval Latin gradalis, meaning “dish.” But an alternative explanation is that it derives from the Old French sang real, meaning “royal blood.”
In the course of the following centuries, Grail motifs and the quest to find the relic were woven into various stories, most notably those surrounding a legendary sixth-century leader who lived very far away from the Holy Land: Arthur, King of the Britons. Arthur’s story had been around in Welsh and English folklore for centuries, but his narrative began to solidify in 1136 when English bishop Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote an almost entirely fictional chronicle called History of the Kings of Britain. In it he expanded the early Arthurian legends. Back in the ninth century, Welsh historian Nennius had written, or at least compiled, a history of the Britons that included Arthur, but it was Geoffrey who first styled Arthur as the archetypal hero.
(What does the truth behind Excalibur and these other mystical historic objects reveal?)
Wace, an Anglo-Norman poet in the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine, wrote a verse chronicle, Roman de Brut—Romance of Brutus, in 1155, based on Geoffrey of Monmouth’s text. Wace described how Arthur came to power thanks to the magical sword Excalibur and founded the Knights of the Round Table. In the years that followed, the splendid court of Aquitaine, a kingdom in what is now France, provided fertile ground for troubadours and scribes to compose works featuring King Arthur, his knights, and the Holy Grail.
The vessel becomes even more central in the late 12th century. Marie de France, a French poet at the English court, wrote poems about Arthur and the Grail. Chrétien de Troyes penned five Arthurian romances, including Perceval, the Story of the Grail. In this work, in which Perceval the knight is tested in various ways, the Grail is depicted as a mysterious serving dish. It is neither holy nor yet the object of a quest, but it does have supernatural value and healing power. Perceval plays a main role in German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival. Written around 1300, this romance recounts how the knight is eventually crowned Grail King after many adventures.
The real and the fabulous are seamlessly blended in the Arthurian stories about the Grail. The tales inhabit a time and place that seem factual yet cannot be pinned down, allowing them to be identified with people and places across Europe. Semi-historical characters who live at different moments in history, such as Joseph of Arimathea (first-century Palestine) and Arthur (sixth-century Britain) are mixed with fantastic characters such as the wizard Merlin and the enchantress known as the Lady of the Lake.
(Who was Merlin the Great, really? Here’s the history.)
In 1200 the poet Robert de Boron worked the Arthurian legends into a Christian frame-work by introducing the figure of Joseph of Arimathea. In the Gospels, Joseph arranges for Jesus’ burial following the Crucifixion. According to de Boron, he secretly keeps the Grail from the Last Supper and uses it to collect the blood spilled when Jesus’ body was pierced on the cross. Joseph’s family later traveled to England with the precious object, explaining how the Grail came to Britain.
Another key figure is the mysterious Fisher King. He first appears in Chrétien de Troyes’s version of the Perceval tale in the late 1100s and likely has deep roots in much older Welsh literature. Iterations of the Fisher King appear in later Arthurian texts in which he plays various roles. Despite some differences, there are recurring characteristics: He is a ruler, he is wounded or maimed in some way (sometimes in the groin or thighs), and he awaits a figure who can heal or redeem him. In some works he is the keeper and protector of the Grail. From the first Arthurian texts of the 12th and 13th centuries to Le Morte d’Arthur, written in the 15th century, the Grail stories caught the spirit of the age. In part this was because of their dense spiritual symbolism, but they also hinged on an exciting plot device still used by cinema and fiction today: the hero’s journey.
Left: The Fisher King (center), guardian of the Holy Grail, greets the knight Perceval as he arrives at the Grail Castle. The sacred vessel can be seen in the hands of a young woman (far right) in this 14th-century miniature from Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail.
Album
After 1210, when the stories in the Lancelot-Grail cycle were written, a common theme of the sacred quest began to take shape. While the chalice itself was understood to be a physical object, its search had a profoundly spiritual underpinning. Knights in pursuit of the Grail represented a desire for individual improvement, the seeking of an unattainable end as part of the spiritual path toward perfection.
(These medieval knights were the 'superheroes' of their time.)
6 hours ago · Arthur Fils vs. Alexander Zverev: Live Stream & on TV today . Arthur Fils vs. Alexander Zverev is an upcoming Tennis event that takes place on Jun 21 at 07:00 AM. You can livestream Arthur Fils vs. Alexander Zverev on fuboTV. You can livestream this event on fuboTV, Tennis Channel, and Tennis TV. Event details
1 day ago · Morris surprised Ryan by announcing him as the newest member for the Falcons Ring of Honor. The team will also present Falcons owner Arthur Blank with the same honor. Atlanta will induct Blank as ...
2 days ago · Prequel series "A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms" recently began filming in Belfast, Northern Ireland, according to HBO. The series will adapt George R. R. Martin’s novella, "The Hedge Knight" and ...
