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Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning 93,030 square kilometres (35,920 sq mi) of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west.
- Demographics of Hungary
Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980....
- Prime Minister
The prime minister of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország...
- List of Cities and Towns of Hungary
Towns and villages in Hungary. Hungary has 3,152...
- President of Hungary
The president of Hungary, officially the president of the...
- Coat of Arms
The seal of King Béla IV from his Golden Bull Reverse of the...
- File
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this...
- Germans
Germans (German: Deutsche, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə] ⓘ) are the...
- Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (/ ˈ m æ ɡ j ɑː r z /...
- Foreign Relations of Hungary
Hungary wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern...
- Katalin Novák
Katalin Éva Veresné Novák (born 6 September 1977) is a...
- Demographics of Hungary
ハンガリー（ハンガリー語: Magyarország ）は、中央ヨーロッパの共和制 国家。西にオーストリア、スロベニア、北にスロバキア、東にウクライナ、ルーマニア、南にセルビア、南西にクロアチアに囲まれた内陸国。首都はブダペストである。
- Overview
- Origins of the Magyars
- The Árpáds
- Hungary under foreign kings
history of Hungary, a survey of important events and people in the history of Hungary from ancient times to the present. The citizens of Hungary know their landlocked central European country as Magyarország, “Land of Magyars.” They are unique among the nations of Europe in that they speak a language that is not related to any other major European ...
It is generally believed that Hungary came into existence when the Magyars, a Finno-Ugric people, began occupying the middle basin of the Danube River in the late 9th century. According to the “double-conquest” theory of archaeologist Gyula László, however, Hungary’s creation can be dated to 670, with the arrival of an earlier wave of conquerors, the Late Avars, whom László classified as the Early Magyars. In either case, in antiquity parts of Hungary’s territory had formed the ancient Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dacia. When Rome lost control of Pannonia at the end of the 4th century (Christian tombs from this period in what is now Pécs were designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000), it was occupied first by Germanic tribes, then by Slavs. The subsequent history of Dacia is unrecorded. The central plains had formed the bases for nomadic immigrant peoples from the steppes north of the Black Sea—Huns, Bulgars, Avars—some of whom extended their domination farther afield. The Avars, who dominated the basin in the 6th through 8th centuries, were crushed about 800 by Charlemagne. According to the double-conquest theory, many of the Late Avars/Early Magyars survived the 9th century to merge with the Magyars who were arriving in the area under the leadership of Árpád.
Charlemagne’s successors organized the western half of the area in a chain of Slavic vassal “dukedoms.” One of these, Croatia, which extended as far north as the Sava River, made itself fully independent in 869. Another, Moravia, extended as far east as the Gran, or Garam (Hron), River and openly defied its Carolingian overlord. (Later research has suggested that this 9th-century Moravia may have been located on the southern Morava River in present-day northern Serbia.) The Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria exercised loose authority over the south and east of the Carpathian Basin.
In 892 the Carolingian emperor, Arnulf, attempting to assert his authority over the Moravian duke Svatopluk, called in the help of the Magyars, whose early homes had been on the upper waters of the Volga and Kama rivers. They were driven, at an uncertain date and by unrecorded causes, southward onto the steppes, where they adopted the life of peripatetic herders. In the 9th century they were based on the lower Don, ranging over the steppes to the west of that river. They then comprised a federation of hordes, or tribes, each under a hereditary chieftain and each composed of a varying number of clans, the members of which shared a real or imagined blood kinship. All clan members were free, but the community included enslaved people taken in battle or in raids. There were seven Magyar tribes, but other elements were part of the federation, including three tribes of Turkic Khazars (the Kavars). Either because of this fact or perhaps because of a memory of earlier conditions, this federation was known to its neighbors as the On-Ogur (literally “Ten Arrows” or “Ten Tribes”). From the Slavic pronunciation of this term, the name Hungarian is derived, with the initial H added because they were thought by some scholars to be descendants of the Huns.
In 889, attacks by a newly arrived Turkic people called the Pechenegs had driven the Magyars and their confederates to the western extremities of the steppes, where they were living when Arnulf’s invitation arrived. The band sent to Arnulf reported back that the plains across the Carpathian Mountains would form a suitable new homeland that could be easily conquered and defended from the rear. Having elected as their chief Árpád, the leader of their most powerful tribe, the Magyars crossed the Carpathians en masse, probably in the spring of 895, and easily subjugated the peoples of the sparsely inhabited central plain. Prior to the conquest, the Magyars lived under a dual kingship that included a sacred ruler with minimal powers called the kende and a de facto leader called the gyula. At the time of the conquest, Árpád occupied the latter position, and, following the death of the last kende in 904, he united the two positions into the office of a duke or prince.
The Magyars destroyed the Moravian state in 906 and in the next year occupied Pannonia, having defeated a German force sent against them. They were then firmly established in the whole center of the basin, over which their tribes and their associates distributed themselves. Árpád took the central area west of the Danube for his own tribe, on his way to establishing a dynasty. The periphery was guarded by outposts, which were gradually pushed forward, chiefly to the north and the east.
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The extinction of the old native dynasty entitled the nation to choose its successor, but the principle of the blood tie was still generally regarded as determinant, and all the candidates for the throne—Wenceslas of Bohemia, Otto of Bavaria, and Charles Robert of the Angevin house of Naples—based their claims on descent from an Árpád in the female...
Apr 11, 2024 · Geographical and historical treatment of Hungary, a landlocked country in central Europe. The capital is Budapest. Hungarians, who know their country as Magyarorszag, ‘Land of Magyars,’ are unique among the nations of Europe in that they speak a language that is not related to any other major European language.
In 8 AD, the western part of the territory (the so-called Transdanubia) of modern Hungary formed part of Pannonia, a province of the Roman Empire. Roman control collapsed with the Hunnic invasions of 370–410, the Huns created a significant empire based in present-day Hungary.
ここでは、 ハンガリーの歴史 について記述する。. ハンガリー はヨーロッパのほぼ中央、東ヨーロッパの山岳地帯の中で ドナウ川 中流に盆地状に開けた平原を国土とする。. この盆地は冷涼で乾燥した草原が広がり、遊牧に適した地理的条件を有するため ...
Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ) is a landlocked country in the south-eastern region of Central Europe, bordering the Balkans. Its capital city is Budapest . Hungary is bordered by Slovakia , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia and Austria .
