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The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
- 23 June 1961
- 1 December 1959
- Washington, D.C., United States
- Condominium
The first half of the 20th century was also Antarctica’s colonial period. Seven countries claimed sectors of the continent, while many other countries carried out explorations. In the International Geophysical Year of 1957–58, 12 countries established more than 50 stations on the continent for cooperative study.
The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and ...
1911–1914 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition – led by Douglas Mawson. 1914–1916 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – led by Ernest Shackleton. 1914–1917 – Ross Sea Party – led by Aeneas Mackintosh. 1920–1922 – British Graham Land Expedition – a British expedition to Graham Land led by John Lachlan Cope.
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Antarctica - Exploration, Wildlife, Ice: Many nations were involved in the discovery and early exploration of Antarctica. About 650 ce, however, long before European geographers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were to conjecture about Terra Australis Incognita, a mythical land to the far south, Rarotongan oral tradition tells of Ui-te-Rangiora, who sailed south of Aotearoa (New Zealand ...
Jan 24, 2020 · They were encouraged by the success of the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year, a worldwide program of scientific research during which 12 countries built over 50 bases in Antarctica ...
Sixty-seven countries were to participate, with Antarctic investigation as one of the two objectives–the second objective of the IGY was to explore aspects of outer space. The IGY began in 1957. The cooperation of the IGY participants, and concerns that countries would make claims on the land, helped to bring about a more lasting form of ...
