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Le Saint-Empire romain germanique, selon la terminologie francophone usuelle [14], est un État d'Europe ayant existé de 962 (couronnement d' Otton I er) à 1806 (abdication de François II). Cet État, issu de la décomposition de l' Empire carolingien , a joué un rôle important dans l' histoire de l'Europe au Moyen Âge , notamment du fait ...
- Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire...
- Portail:Saint-Empire romain germanique
Le Saint-Empire romain germanique (traduction habituelle du...
- Holy Roman Empire
- Background
- Wars with France and Napoleon
- Formation of The Confederation of The Rhine
- Abdication of Francis II
- Aftermath
Ideology of the Holy Roman Empire
The defining characteristic of the Holy Roman Empire was the idea that the Holy Roman Emperor represented the leading monarch in Europe and that their empire was the one true continuation of the Roman Empire of Antiquity, through proclamation by the popes in Rome. It was the firm belief of its emperors that they were the sole genuine emperors in Europe and although they had formally recognized the sultans of Ottoman Empire as emperors in 1606 and the rulers of the Russia as emperors in 1721,...
The Holy Roman Empire in the 18th century
By the 18th century, the contemporary views of the Holy Roman Empire were far from universally positive. There was a widespread idea that the empire was "sick" in some capacity, for instance the bookseller and publisher Johann Heinrich Zedler mentions the "state illnesses of the Holy Roman Empire" in his 1745 Grosses Universal-Lexicon. This view dates back to at least the Peace of Westphalia, where the empire was explicitly defined as not being a nation state. The 17th-century historian Samue...
Austrian war effort and responses
Although the forces of the French First Republic overran and occupied the Austrian Netherlands in 1792, the Holy Roman Empire defended itself quite well until Prussia abandoned the war effort to focus its attention on its Polish territories (overseeing the Second and Third Partitions of Poland), taking its resources and powerful army with it. Despite the empire's mounting difficulties in the face of the wars with France, there was no large-scale popular unrest within its borders. Instead, the...
Reaction to Napoleon's imperial coronation
The First Consul of the French republic, Napoleon, assumed the title "Emperor of the French" in 1804. Among others, one of the important figures attending the coronation was Pope Pius VII, probably fearing that Napoleon planned to conquer the Papal States. Pius VII was aware that Napoleon symbolically linked his imperial coronation with the imperial coronation of Charlemagne and would most likely have caught the similarity between Napoleon's title and Emperor of the Romans, the title used by...
Empire of Austria
Francis II proclaimed himself as Emperor of Austria (without the need of a new coronation, as he had already had an imperial coronation) on 11 August 1804, in addition to already being the Holy Roman Emperor. Cobenzl advised that a separate hereditary Austrian title would also allow the Habsburg to maintain parity with other rulers (since the Holy Roman title was viewed by Cobenzl as merely honorific) and ensure elections to the position of Holy Roman Emperor in the future. A myriad of reason...
Throughout the first half of 1806, Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg attempted to steer an independent course between the demands of the empire and Napoleon. In April 1806, Napoleon sought a treaty whereby the three states would ally themselves to France in perpetuity while forswearing participation in future Reichskriege (imperial war efforts) and su...
In the face of Napoleon's assumption of the title "Emperor of the French" in 1804 and the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, the Habsburg monarchy began contemplating whether the imperial title and the empire as a whole were worth defending. Many of the states nominally serving the Holy Roman Emperor, such as Baden, Württemberg an...
Possibility of restoration
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was constituted by Francis II's own personal abdication of the title and the release of all vassals and imperial states from their obligations and duties to the emperor. The title of Holy Roman Emperor (theoretically the same title as Roman emperor) and the Holy Roman Empire itself as an idea and institution (the theoretically universally sovereign imperium) were never formally abolished. The continued existence of a universal empire, though without de...
Successor empires and legacy
In the Austrian Empire, the Habsburg dynasty continued to act as a substitute for nationality, though the Austrian imperial title was not (unlike for instance the French or Russian imperial titles) associated with any nationality in particular. Though the German vassals of the Holy Roman Empire had been released from their obligations, Francis II and his successors continued to rule a large German-speaking population and the Holy Roman Imperial Regalia continued to be kept within their domain...
- 6 August 1806; 217 years ago
Le Saint Empire, Xe siècle. Le Saint Empire romain germanique est une institution typiquement médiévale. Associant l'Allemagne et une partie de l'Italie, il entendait continuer l'Empire carolingien, qui, de 800 à 924, avait prétendu ressusciter l'Empire romain.
Jun 9, 2021 · Le Saint Empire romain germanique dura officiellement de 962 à 1806. C'était l'un des plus grands États européens du Moyen Âge et du début de l'ère moderne, mais la base de son pouvoir était instable...
Le Saint-Empire romain germanique, selon la terminologie francophone usuelle, est un État d'Europe ayant existé de 962 à 1806. Cet État, issu de la décomposition de l'Empire carolingien, a joué un rôle important dans l'histoire de l'Europe au Moyen Âge, notamment du fait du conflit entre les empereurs et les papes, et pendant les Temps ...
