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Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
- There are four major processes: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. Transduction refers to the processes by which tissue-damaging stimuli activate nerve endings. Transmission refers to the relay functions by which the message is carried from the site of tissue injury to the brain regions underlying perception.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK219252The Anatomy and Physiology of Pain - Pain and Disability ...
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Jul 24, 2018 · There are multiple levels of CNS involved in the transmission of pain. These include the spinal cord (supraspinal), the brainstem (midbrain, medulla oblongata and the pons), and the cortical regions (cerebral cortex), as shown in Figure 1.
Examples are increased heart rate and blood pressure, endocrine changes, increased attention, arousal, anxiety, and suffering. The neural pathways that mediate these changes are likely to parallel those relaying information about somatic pain sensations, but include additional structures of the limbic system.
- W D Willis, K N Westlund
- 10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002
- 1997
- 1997/01
Sep 10, 2023 · There are many different types of pain, each arising through unique mechanisms. Types of pain include: sharp, prickling, thermal, or aching pain. The origin of pain can be somatic, visceral, thalamic, neuropathic, psychosomatic, referred, or illusionary. Pain can also be acute or chronic in nature.
Mar 13, 2019 · Anatomically, the hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cortex—central to the encoding and consolidation of memory—are also implicated in experiential aspects of pain. Common neurotransmitters and similar mechanisms of neural plasticity (eg, central sensitization, long-term potentiation) suggest a mechanistic overlap between chronic pain and memory.
- Bill McCarberg, John Peppin
- 2019
The commonest areas activated include the primary and secondary somatosensory (S1 and S2), insular, anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex, and the thalamus, demonstrating that these areas are all important in pain perception (Figure 2). Figure 2 Neuroanatomy of pain perception.
Some therapies that are thought to target pain modulation pathways—such as cognitive behavior therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and placebo analgesia—are safer and less expensive than pharmacologic or surgical approaches, further emphasizing the importance of understanding these modulatory mechanisms.
