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Jan 27, 2020 · Americans weren’t far behind: John Davis, a sealer and explorer, was the first person to step foot on Antarctic land in 1821. The race to find Antarctica sparked competition to locate the...
Ten months later an American sealer, Nathaniel Palmer, became the first to sight Antarctica on 17 November 1820. The first landing was most likely just over a year later when English-born American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice.
For many years it was thought that Irishman Edward Bransfield on a British expedition was the first person to sight the Antarctic continent (rather than offshore islands) on the 30th of January 1820 with the ship Williams.
1901-1904 Captain Robert Falcon Scott leads his first expedition to the Antarctic in the specially built ship Discovery. During the National Antarctic Expedition, Scott, Ernest Shackleton and EA Wilson travel to within 410 miles of the South Pole before they are forced to turn back on 30 December 1902.
- Overview
- History of Antarctica
- Early geographic discoveries
- The “heroic era” of exploration
Many nations were involved in the discovery and early exploration of Antarctica. About 650 ce, however, long before European geographers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were to conjecture about Terra Australis Incognita, a mythical land to the far south, Rarotongan oral tradition tells of Ui-te-Rangiora, who sailed south of Aotearoa (New Zealand) to a frozen region. Tamarereti, a Polynesian explorer, also saw the icy south, according to oral tradition.
European explorers first approached Antarctica in 1520, when Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan rounded South America during his journey to circumnavigate the world. In the 18th century, British naval officer James Cook and others explored the sub-Antarctic region; Cook circumnavigated the globe in high southern latitudes between 1772 and 1775, proving that Terra Australis, if it existed at all, lay somewhere beyond the ice packs that he discovered between about 60° and 70° S. Who first saw the continent is controversial. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a Baltic German officer in the Imperial Russian Navy; Edward Bransfield, an officer in the Royal Navy; and Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealing captain, all may have sighted Antarctica in 1820. Bellingshausen sighted a landlike mass of ice, possibly the shelf edge of continental ice, on January 27; Bransfield caught sight of land on January 30 that the British later considered to be a mainland part of the Antarctic Peninsula; and on November 18 Palmer unequivocally saw the mainland-peninsula side of Orleans Strait.
Many nations were involved in the discovery and early exploration of Antarctica. About 650 ce, however, long before European geographers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were to conjecture about Terra Australis Incognita, a mythical land to the far south, Rarotongan oral tradition tells of Ui-te-Rangiora, who sailed south of Aotearoa (New Zealand) to a frozen region. Tamarereti, a Polynesian explorer, also saw the icy south, according to oral tradition.
European explorers first approached Antarctica in 1520, when Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan rounded South America during his journey to circumnavigate the world. In the 18th century, British naval officer James Cook and others explored the sub-Antarctic region; Cook circumnavigated the globe in high southern latitudes between 1772 and 1775, proving that Terra Australis, if it existed at all, lay somewhere beyond the ice packs that he discovered between about 60° and 70° S. Who first saw the continent is controversial. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, a Baltic German officer in the Imperial Russian Navy; Edward Bransfield, an officer in the Royal Navy; and Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealing captain, all may have sighted Antarctica in 1820. Bellingshausen sighted a landlike mass of ice, possibly the shelf edge of continental ice, on January 27; Bransfield caught sight of land on January 30 that the British later considered to be a mainland part of the Antarctic Peninsula; and on November 18 Palmer unequivocally saw the mainland-peninsula side of Orleans Strait.
Europeans started exploring Earth’s far southern reaches in the late 18th century for two main reasons: commercial gain and charting cartographic and magnetic contours. While sealers charted some island and sea routes in the sub-Antarctic, they kept this information secret so as to not reveal their hunting locations. Early sealers principally hailed from Britain and the United States, but, by the mid-19th century, South Africans, Australians, New Zealanders, and Frenchmen had joined them. These activities led to near extinction of the southern fur seal.
The charting of Earth’s magnetic field, with its simplifications for navigation, was another major incentive for these expeditions. Together with nationalism, geomagnetic surveying was the main motivation behind, for example, the 1839–43 British expedition led by British explorer James Clark Ross, which discovered the Ross Sea, the Ross Ice Barrier (now called the Ross Ice Shelf), and the Victoria Land coast. Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d’Urville’s French expedition of 1837–40 discovered Adélie Land and later claimed it for France. Charles Wilkes’s U.S. naval expedition of 1838–42 explored a large section of the East Antarctic coast.
During the first two decades of the 20th century, commonly called the “heroic era” of Antarctic exploration, great advances were made in not only geographic but also scientific knowledge of the continent. At the turn of the century, expeditions scrambled to explore Antarctica. They proved the feasibility of Antarctic overwintering and introduced new technologies. The Belgian ship Belgica, under command of Adrien de Gerlache, became the first vessel to winter in Antarctic waters when, from March 1898 to March 1899, it was trapped and drifted in pack ice of the Bellingshausen Sea. A scientific party under Norwegian explorer Carsten E. Borchgrevink spent the next winter camped at Cape Adare for the first planned overwintering on the continent.
The British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04), led by British naval officer and explorer Robert Falcon Scott on board the Discovery, set a new record for reaching the farthest point south when Scott, together with Anglo-Irish explorer Ernest H. Shackleton and English explorer Edward A. Wilson, reached 82°17′ S on the Ross Ice Shelf on December 30, 1902. Scott also went aloft in a tethered balloon for aerial reconnaissance, and Shackleton first used motorized transport at Cape Royds, Ross Island, during the Nimrod expedition (1907–09). Other early heroic era expeditions were launched from France, Germany, and Sweden. Some were privately funded, and some were state funded. Most involved the nationals of several countries. The latter part of the heroic age centred on the race for the South Pole and other Antarctic firsts.
Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO (6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery expedition of 1901–04 and the Terra Nova expedition of 1910–13.
Sep 2, 2022 · James Clark Ross located the North Magnetic pole in 1831 and came close to also finding the South Magnetic pole on his epic expedition of 1839-1843. 1837 – A Frenchman in Antarctica. Dumont d’Urville chartered part of the Antarctic peninsula in the ships Astrolabe and Zelée.
