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   • What are the differences between pointer variable's value & address of normal variable and what are the special purpose of pointers in C?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 26, 2017 · 5 votes

     Answering questions in reverse order:

     C does not have array variables....but this is really just working with pointers with an alternative syntax.

     This is incorrect, and you need to toss that bookmark in the trash. It's a common misconception that arrays and pointers are the same thing, but they are not. An array expression will be converted to a pointer expression under most circumstances, and array subscripting is accomplished through pointer arithmetic, but an array object is an actual array, not a pointer.

     If pointer also keeps the variable's address in it and at the same time we can get the variable's address using & sign, can't we do the same task pointer does by deriving the address of any variable? I mean if I don't declare it as pointer and use it as int ptr = &i; in 2nd code snippet and use it as normal variable, what would be the differences?

     That code doesn't illustrate why pointers exist, or why they are useful.

     C actually requires us to use pointers in the following cases:

     • To write to a function's parameters;
     • To track dynamically allocated memory;

     Pointers also make dynamic data structures like trees and lists easy to implement, but they aren't required for it (unless you're using dynamic memory allocation in those structures).

     Writing to a function's parameters

     C passes all function arguments by value; the formal parameter in the function definition is a separate object in memory from the actual parameter in the function call, so any change to the formal parameter is not reflected in the actual parameter. For example, assume the following swap function:

     void swap( int a, int b ) { int t = a; a = b; b = t; }-

     This function exchanges the values in a and b. However, when we call the function as

     int x = 4, y = 5;swap( x, y );-

     the values of x and y won't be updated, because they are different objects than a and b. If we want to update x and y, we have to pass pointers to them:

     swap( &x, &y );-

     and update the function definition as follows:

     void swap( int *a, int *b ) { int t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; }-

     Instead of swapping the contents of a and b, we swap the contents of the objects that a and b point to. This crops up all the time - think about the scanf function, and how you have to use the & operator on scalar arguments.

     Tracking dynamically allocated memory

     The dynamic memory allocation functions malloc, calloc, and realloc all return pointers to dynamic memory buffers; there's no variable associated with that memory as such.

     char *buffer = malloc( sizeof *buffer * some_length );-

     A pointer is the only way to track that memory.

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   • What is the C++ equivalent of C language's scanf("%*c")?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 26, 2022 · 3 votes

     In C scanf("%[^\n]%*c"); would remove all the redundant characters like spaces, newline, alphaNumerics form the buffer before/ after taking another input.

     This is amiss in so many ways.

     • "%[^\n]%*c" scans 1 or more non- '\n' (Attempting to save them) and then 1 '\n' . There must exist a leading non- '\n' else the scanning stops. There is nothing special about spaces and alphanumeric - just '\n' and non- '\n' .
     • Undefined behavior: "%[^\n]" lacks a matching pointer to save the input. Even with a matching char * , it lacks a width and is prone to buffer overflow. It is worse than gets().
     • With an input of only "\n" , nothing is consumed, nothing is saved. scanf("%[^\n]%*c"); fails to consume anything if the first character is a '\n' . Without checking the return value, the calling code does not know if anything was read. The matching char * , if it was there, is unchanged or potentially indeterminate.

     Do not use scanf("%[^\n]%*c"); or its C++ equivalent std::scanf("%[^\n]%*c");

     OP's update to scanf("%d%*[^\n]%*c", &num); is still faulty and should not be used in robust code.

     • It risks undefined behavior due to int overflow. It does not check the return value.
     • It does not consume the rest of the line when the numeric text is followed by a '\n' . That '\n' remains in stdin .

     A better C approach begins with fgets() and checking return values.

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     2/5

   • What are Qualifiers in the C language?

     Top Answer

     Answered Feb 24, 2011 · 2 votes

     You can use Qualifiers to indicate what size of number you want to store inside your int. Think the exact size varies by implementation of C, but typically it's as follows.

     short int a; // 16 bits, range -32,768 to 32,767

     unsigned short int b; // 16 bits, range 0 to 65,535

     unsigned int c; // 32 bits, range 0 to 4,294,967,295

     int d; // 32 bits, range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

     long int d; // 32 bits, range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (minimum requirement, can be higher on 64bit systems)

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   • What are the specifics of the definition of a string in C?

     Top Answer

     Answered Feb 22, 2020 · 8 votes

     c1 is mostly [1] equivalent to &c1[0], which is holding one string, "CS".

     There's a second string lurking in there, "324", starting at &c1[3] -- but as long as you access c1 as c1, the string "CS" is all the functions strcpy() et al. would see.

     [1]: c1 is an array, &c1[0] is a pointer.

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     4/5

   • Are C preprocessor statements a part of the C language?

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 17, 2013 · 8 votes

     Yes, the standard describes the preprocessor. It's a standardized part of the C language.

     Note that #include, which is essential for modularization of code, is a preprocessor directive.

     In the publically-available draft of the C99 standard, the preprocessor is described in section 6.10.

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3. www.guru99.com › c-programming-languageWhat is C Programming Language? Basics, Introduction, History

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   Mar 2, 2024 · It is a structured programming language that is machine-independent and extensively used to write various applications, Operating Systems like Windows, and many other complex programs like Oracle database, Git, Python interpreter, and more. It is said that ‘C’ is a god’s programming language.

4. www.freecodecamp.org › news › the-c-programmingThe C Programming Handbook for Beginners - freeCodeCamp.org

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   Aug 29, 2023 · Chapter 1: Introduction to C Programming. In this introductory chapter, you will learn the main characteristics and use cases of the C programming language. You will also learn the basics of C syntax and familiarize yourself with the general structure of all C programs.

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   Mar 11, 2024 · Start your coding adventure with our free C Tutorial. A perfect C programming tutorial for beginners and advanced coders alike, this tutorial is your key to unlocking the magic of C programming. With clear explanations and fun examples.

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7. www.w3schools.com › c › c_introIntroduction to C - W3Schools

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   What is C? C is a general-purpose programming language created by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972. It is a very popular language, despite being old. The main reason for its popularity is because it is a fundamental language in the field of computer science.

8. www.codecademy.com › learn › learn-c-introductionLearn C: Introduction | Codecademy

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9. www.freecodecamp.org › news › what-is-the-cWhat is The C Programming Language? A Tutorial for Beginners

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   Jun 30, 2021 · This tutorial will give you a broad overview of basic concepts of the C programming language. We'll go over the history of the language, why and where it is used, the compilation process, and some very basic programming concepts that are common in most popular programming languages.

10. www.programiz.com › c-programmingLearn C Programming - Programiz: Learn to Code for Free

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    Beginner's Guide to C. These tutorials will provide you with a solid foundation in C and prepare you for the next step in your career. Introduction. Getting Started with C. Your First C Program. C Comments. C Variables, Constants and Literals. C Data Types. C Input Output (I/O) C Programming Operators. Flow Control. C if...else Statement.