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Anatolia
- The earliest records of Phrygian, called Palaeo-Phrygian, are almost as old as Greek alphabetic writing and appear as early as the 8th century BC. They are found over a vast area within Anatolia, even in areas where Phrygian presence was not certain.
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Evidence for the origin of the Phrygians is furnished by Greek literary sources, linguistic analysis, and material culture. Herodotus 7.73 reports that the Phrygians were originally at home in Macedonia, where they were called Briges, and that they changed their name to Phrygians when they migrated into Anatolia.
Phrygian alphabet. The Phrygian alphabet is the script used in the earliest Phrygian texts. It dates back to the 8th century BCE and was used until the fourth century BCE ("Old-Phrygian" inscriptions), after which it was replaced by the common Greek alphabet ("New-Phrygian" inscriptions, 1st to 3rd century CE).
The earliest known inscriptions in Phyrgian date from the 8th century BC and were written in an alphabet derived from Phoenician. The language of these inscriptions is known as Paleo-Phrygian. Later inscriptions, in Neo-Phrygian, were written in a version of the Greek alphabet.
- Classification
- Characteristics
- Phrygian Greek
- The Periods of Graeco-Phrygian Contact
- Sources
the relative pronoun yos/ios/ιοςthe augment (used for forming past tense e.g “eberet, edaes”)The proclitic e-the stem pant- “all”The voiceless stops of Proto-Indo-European – ∗p, ∗t, and ∗k/∗kw, developed into /p/, /t/,/k/ and the voiceless affricate /ts/.The Proto-Indo-European plain voiced stops ∗d, ∗g and the voiced aspirates ∗bh, ∗dh, ∗gh developed into voiced stops /b/, /d/, /g/.The Proto-Indo-European initial *s- is lost in the initial cluster *sw-.The voiceless affricate /ts/ (?), written developed from ∗k occurring before the front vowels /i/ and /e/, and is probably matched by a voiced /dz/ which arose from ∗g and ∗gh in the same contextMetathesis of r and l, particularly frequently in Phrygian, e.g., Οὐαρελιανόν for Valerianumreduction of st to t word-internally or word-initially, e.g., ἀνέτησα or εἰ (= εἰς) τὸν ϑεόνreplacement of t in some cases with th- e.g θέκνοσι (note also the neo-Phrygian dative plural ending -ωσι) instead of τέκνοις, τιγατρί instead of θυγατρί, κατέσθησεν instead of κατέστησενalternations of spelling between κ and χ ( e.g κάριν μνης), π and φ.The period of Balkan coexistence.The first Asia Minor period from the Phrygian arrival to the conquest of Phrygia by Alexander the Great.The second Asia Minor period, from Alexander to their final assimilation.J. Boardman, I.E.S Edwards, N.G.L Hammond, E. Sollberger - The Cambridge Ancient History III, part I ,'The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighthcenturi...C. Brixhe on Phrygian in Roger D. Woodard's - 'The ancient languages of Asia Minor', Cambridge University Press 2008J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams - 'Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture', 1997David W Antony - 'The horse, the wheel and language', Princeton University press, 2007Language & Culture. Early Phrygian Inscriptions from Gordion. Until the beginning of the 1950s, Gordion had only produced three Early Phrygian (YHSS 6 period) inscriptions (G-101 to G-103), found during the German excavations of the Körte brothers (1900), and one of these had been misidentified as Greek.
Since the earliest Phrygian writing does not occur until the 8th century B.C., considerably after the settlement of the Phrygian people in Anatolia, we must ask why these people adopted writing when they did, and why and how they chose an alphabetic script probably based on the Creek system.
Oct 5, 2015 · The Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language, which undoubtedly came from a prehistoric group of populations where Greek and Thracian also originated. 8 Early on (in the Paleo-Phyrigian era), from around the 800s until the Macedonian conquest, they left numerous inscriptions. 9 Written in an alphabet related to Greek scripts, they cover a wide ...
