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Mammography and ultrasound
- Imaging of the male breast generally relies on mammography and ultrasound, with mammography employed as the initial imaging modality of choice and ultrasound when a mass is detected or suspected. Here we describe the normal male breast anatomy and present an evaluation algorithm for the male patient with breast signs or symptoms.
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May 3, 2013 · The male breast is susceptible to many of the same pathologic processes as the female breast. Many of these conditions have mammographic, ultrasonographic (US), and magnetic resonance imaging findings that allow differentiation between clearly benign conditions and those that require biopsy.
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The male breast is susceptible to many of the same...
- Male Breast Cancer in The Age of Genetic Testing
In detection, treatment, and follow-up, male breast cancer...
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May 16, 2024 · The number of men undergoing breast imaging has increased in recent years, according to some reports. Most male breast concerns are related to benign causes, most commonly gynecomastia. The range of abnormalities typically encountered in the male breast is less broad than that encountered in women, given that lobule formation rarely occurs in men. Other benign causes of male breast palpable ...
Feb 1, 2016 · Imaging of the male breast generally relies on mammography and ultrasound, with mammography employed as the initial imaging modality of choice and ultrasound when a mass is detected or suspected. Here we describe the normal male breast anatomy and present an evaluation algorithm for the male patient with breast signs or symptoms.
- Alec Chau, Neda Jafarian, Marilin Rosa
- 2016
The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of the male breast and to describe the imaging findings of a variety of diseases that affect the male breast to better understand and recognize the imaging findings and underlying pathophysiology of diseases and conditions affecting this emerging subset of patients. CONCLUSION.
- Elaine Iuanow, Mark Kettler, Priscilla J. Slanetz
- 2011
- Gynecomastia
- Fat-Containing Entities
- Skin Findings
- Vascular Lesions
- Cystic Masses
Gynecomastia refers to a benign proliferation of ductal and stromal elements, with resultant breast symptoms (Fig. 2). It may occur in a unilateral or bilateral fashion and may be symmetric or asymmetric. It is the most common male breast condition [3, 4], occurring in 32–65% of the male population . Although pathology may show mild cellular atypia...
Pseudogynecomastia
Pseudogynecomastia refers to increased subareolar fat without proliferation of the glandular component. Clinically, these patients present with breast enlargement rather than a subareolar mass. In cases of indeterminate physical exam, a mammogram may be performed. It shows increased lucent subareolar fat, which is diagnostic .
Lipoma
Lipoma is a benign neoplasm composed of mature fat cells with no malignant potential. It is the second most common benign finding of the male breast, after gynecomastia . Clinically, it may present as a soft, mobile, non-tender palpable mass. If identified on mammogram, it appears as an encapsulated oval fat density lesion; however, it may be hard to distinguish from surrounding normal fatty background (Fig. 3). It has a variable appearance on ultrasound—it is usually mildly hyperechoic w...
Angiolipoma
Angiolipoma is an extremely rare benign neoplasm of the breast. As the name suggests, it is composed of mature fat cells and vessels. Unlike lipomas, these tumors can present with pain. On mammogram, it appears as a mixed fat and soft tissue density mass. These benign fat-containing neoplasms may be followed or excised .
Sebaceous Cyst/Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
A sebaceous cyst is a benign intradermal lesion that forms due to an obstructed sebaceous gland. An epidermal inclusion cyst is another benign intradermal lesion that forms due to an obstructed hair follicle or secondary to previous skin trauma. These two entities are indistinguishable on imaging. On mammography, they may appear as an oval, circumscribed, dense, superficial mass. Diagnosis may be confirmed on ultrasound, where continuity with the skin is better identified as the claw sign or...
Hemangioma
A hemangioma is a benign neoplasm composed of vascular channels. Figure 5 shows the typical imaging features including an oval-shaped solid mass with circumscribed margins growing parallel to the chest wall. Biopsy is necessary for diagnosis as there are no definite distinguishing features from malignancy. Once the diagnosis is made, surgical excision may be performed to exclude the possibility of angiosarcoma .
Venous Malformation
Venous malformations are the most common vascular malformation of the male breast. They are classified as low-flow malformations, made up of endothelial-lined vascular sinusoids. They present in childhood or early adulthood as a long-standing soft, compressible, non-pulsatile painless unilateral breast mass or enlargement. On mammogram, they appear as multiple tubular densities. Typical sonographic features include a multiseptated cystic mass with spectral Doppler showing slow venous flow ...
Other Vascular Lesions
There are numerous other rarer vascular lesions that may occur in the male or female breast including varices, posttraumatic aneurysms, or pseudoaneurysms. Use of color Doppler in the evaluation of cystic lesions is critical for accurate diagnosis and avoidance of aspiration or biopsy.
Given the rarity of benign breast cysts in men, any cystic mass in the male breast needs aspiration or biopsy for definitive diagnosis . The exception would be a breast hematoma, as this diagnosis may be made on the basis of history, physical exam with diminution, and evolution expected on follow-up imaging. The differential diagnosis of a cystic m...
- Shruthi Ram, Shadi Aminololama-Shakeri
- 2017
Jun 17, 2020 · The purpose of this review is to showcase a wide array of male breast diseases, discuss their imaging presentations and key features for diagnosis. Imaging of male breast disease: the good, the bad and the ugly – A pictorial review - Clinical Imaging
Jun 16, 2021 · Male breast disease includes a wide spectrum of conditions. Many conditions and entities that affect the female breast may also affect the male breast. Pathology Malignant. male breast cancer; lymphoma; dermatofibrosarcoma; Benign. gynecomastia; pseudogynecomastia: fat deposition within the breast; breast lipoma; epidermal inclusion cysts of ...
