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Describe the mechanisms that drive breathing. Discuss how pressure, volume, and resistance are related. List the steps involved in pulmonary ventilation. Discuss the physical factors related to breathing. Discuss the meaning of respiratory volume and capacities. Define respiratory rate. Outline the mechanisms behind the control of breathing.
- Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mat...
- 2019
Describe the structure and function of skeletal muscle fibers. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the connective tissue layers surrounding skeletal muscle; Define a muscle fiber, myofibril, and sarcomere; List the major sarcomeric proteins involved with contraction
- Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mat...
- 2019
- Circular
- Convergent
- Parallel
- Pennate
Circular muscles (also known as skeletal sphincter muscles) have a fascicular pattern where the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting. Muscles with this fascicular arrangement may be termed as orbicular muscles (Latin: orbiculus = small disc), such ...
A convergent (a.k.a. triangular) muscle has a broad origin with fascicles converging toward a single tendon of insertion. Such a muscle is triangular or fan shaped. One example is the pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax.
In a parallel arrangement, the length of the fascicles run to the long axis of the muscle. There are three types of parallel muscles: 1. quadrilateral muscles, which have a short, flat form e.g. thyrohyoid muscle 2. strap muscles, that have a narrow belt- or strap-like belly e.g. sartorius muscle 3. fusiform muscles, with a spindle-shaped and exten...
In a pennate pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Pennate muscles are of three forms: 1. Unipennate, in which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg; 2. Bipennate, in which the fascicles insert into the...
Feb 26, 2022 · Here, skeletal muscles are clearly defined as the organs of voluntary movement; if muscles are filled with pneuma, perhaps through the nerves, which according to Herophilus contain pneuma, they are contracted, id est active, they shorten and generate movement; at the end of movement, they lose pneuma and relax in a passive manner (von Staden 1989).
Oct 4, 2022 · Pneumatic air muscles (PAMs) are lightweight, contractile, or extensional devices that were first developed in the 1950s under the name of McKibben Artificial Muscles for artificial limbs actuation. Commercially, available PAMs are generally in tubular structure,...
pneuma. pneumatism, in medicine, Alexandrian medical school, or sect, based on the theory that life is associated with a subtle vapour called the pneuma; it was, in essence, an attempt to explain respiration.
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What does pneuma mean?
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What is a pneuma & why is it important?
PNEUMA. Ancient Greek thought early posited a connection between breath and life. The notion that wind or breath —pneuma — accounted for the functions of living things persisted in philosophical and medical accounts of organisms, sometimes alongside the notion of an immaterial soul or psychē.
