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- Film, television, and streaming productions create high-paying jobs, support local businesses, and provide an immediate boost to the local economy. The motion picture industry supports 2.74 million jobs and works with more than 240,000 businesses in communities across the country.
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Mar 6, 2024 · Driving EconomicGrowth. Film and television production creates and supports jobs for millions of Americans in front of and behind the camera, while generating a valuable and sought-after global export. An Engine for the U.S. Economy.
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motion-picture technology, the means for the production and showing of motion pictures. It includes not only the motion-picture camera and projector but also such technologies as those involved in recording sound, in editing both picture and sound, in creating special effects, and in producing animation.
Motion-picture technology is a curious blend of the old and the new. In one piece of equipment state-of-the-art digital electronics may be working in tandem with a mechanical system invented in 1895. Furthermore, the technology of motion pictures is based not only on the prior invention of still photography but also on a combination of several more or less independent technologies; that is, camera and projector design, film manufacture and processing, sound recording and reproduction, and lighting and light measurement.
Motion-picture photography is based on the phenomenon that the human brain will perceive an illusion of continuous movement from a succession of still images exposed at a rate above 15 frames per second. Although posed sequential pictures had been taken as early as 1860, successive photography of actual movement was not achieved until 1877, when Eadweard Muybridge used 12 equally spaced cameras to demonstrate that at some time all four hooves of a galloping horse left the ground at once. In 1877–78 an associate of Muybridge devised a system of magnetic releases to trigger an expanded battery of 24 cameras.
The Muybridge pictures were widely published in still form. They were also made up as strips for the popular parlour toy the zoetrope “wheel of life,” a rotating drum that induced an illusion of movement from drawn or painted pictures (see Figure 1). Meanwhile, Émile Reynaud in France was projecting sequences of drawn pictures onto a screen using his Praxinoscope, in which revolving mirrors and an oil-lamp “magic lantern” were applied to a zoetrope-like drum, and by 1880 Muybridge was similarly projecting enlarged, illuminated views of his motion photographs using the Zoöpraxiscope, an adaptation of the zoetrope.
Although a contemporary observer of Muybridge’s demonstration claimed to have seen “living, moving animals,” such devices lacked several essentials of true motion pictures. The first was a mechanism to enable sequence photographs to be taken within a single camera at regular, rapid intervals, and the second was a medium capable of storing images for more than the second or so of movement possible from drums, wheels, or disks.
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A motion-picture camera must be able to advance the medium rapidly enough to permit at least 16 separate exposures per second as well as bring each frame to a full stop to record a sharp image. The principal technology that creates this intermittent movement is the Geneva watch movement, in which a four-slotted star wheel, or “Maltese cross,” converts the tension of the mainspring to the ticking of toothed gears. In 1882 Étienne-Jules Marey employed a similar “clockwork train” intermittent movement in a photographic “gun” used to “shoot” birds in flight. Twelve shots per second could be recorded onto a circular glass plate. Marey subsequently increased the frame rate, although for no more than about 30 images, and employed strips of sensitized paper (1887) and paper-backed celluloid (1889) instead of the fragile, bulky glass. The transparent material trade-named celluloid was first manufactured commercially in 1872. It was derived from collodion, that is, nitrocellulose (gun cotton) dissolved in alcohol and dried. John Carbutt manufactured the first commercially successful celluloid photographic film in 1888, but it was too stiff for convenient use. By 1889 the George Eastman company had developed a roll film of celluloid coated with photographic emulsion for use in its Kodak still camera. This sturdy, flexible medium could transport a rapid succession of numerous images and was eventually adapted for motion pictures.
Oct 21, 2014 · The motion-picture industry, with its global economic reach and high-stakes highly uncertain investments, transforms creative talent and inputs into multi-billion-dollar profits.
- Darlene C. Chisholm, Víctor Fernández-Blanco, S. Abraham Ravid, W. David Walls
- 2015
Filmmaking or film production is the process by which a motion picture is produced. Filmmaking involves a number of complex and discrete stages, beginning with an initial story, idea, or commission.
May 13, 2024 · The first of these causes the brain to retain images cast upon the retina of the eye for a fraction of a second beyond their disappearance from the field of sight, while the latter creates apparent movement between images when they succeed one another rapidly.
Nov 2, 2006 · PDF | This chapter analyses the forces that prompted a relocation in the early 20th century of the US film industry from New York to Hollywood. First,... | Find, read and cite all the research...
This chapter analyses the forces that prompted a relocation in the early 20th century of the US film industry from New York to Hollywood.
