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understanding of gender which shows how all aspects of our biology, psychology, and social context shape each other. Our bodies and brains are shaped by our gendered experiences, such as physical interventions (e.g. hormonal, surgical) and the gendered ways we navigate the world. This provides a different understanding which disputes the common
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In this third edition, the same general theoretical framework is melded with sexual selection to provide a framework for understanding the evolution and here-and-proximate expression of now, sex differences in many traits, from physical and behavioral to cognitive and neural.
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Welcome to your course on the psychology of gender which this book supports. Of course, you may be expecting a definition of gender in this module, and one will certainly be provided. However, since some students taking this class are not psychology majors or minors,
- Literature Review Methodology
- Findings of Heritability Studies
- Molecular Genetic Studies
Here, we review available twin studies that report heritability estimates on gender dysphoria and related phenotypes across different ages divided in three sections, covering studies in children, adolescents, and adults (age groupings used by the studies). We conducted a literature review in PubMed using the following search terms*, (“English”[Lang...
Findings in adults
Lippa and Hershberger (1999) studied a relatively large sample of 839 MZ and DZ same-sex twin pairs on measures of masculinity, femininity and gender diagnosticity as defined by Lippa and Hershberger (1999). For masculinity as well as femininity, the MZ twin correlations were around 0.35 while DZ twin correlations were about half of the MZ correlation. Subsequent analyses showed heritability estimates of 36% for masculinity and 38% for femininity, meaning that about one-third of the variation...
Findings in adolescents
Masculinity and femininity were also investigated in a study in American children and adolescents by (Mitchell et al. 1989). Their study comprised a small sample of 38 MZ and 32 DZ twin pairs with an age range of 8–15 years old. Masculinity and femininity in this study were assessed with two self-reports: the Adolescent Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI) and Children’s Personality Attributes Questionnaire (CPAQ) which are, as expected, correlated (r = 0.36). Masculinity and femininity appeared...
Findings in children
Two studies in children used data from 3- and 4 year-old twins from the Twin Early Development study (TEDs, N > 3000 twin pairs) in the UK. One study examined ‘sex-typed behavior’ (Iervolino et al. 2005), and one study used data on ‘atypical gender development’ (Knafo et al. 2005). In addition, both studies used 24 items of the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI), an instrument which measures masculinity and femininity, and samples were partly overlapping; thus the two studies are not comp...
Given the contribution of heritable factors to variation in gender identity, several studies appeared in the past decade focused on individual candidate genes. Most candidate gene studies have focused on sex-hormone receptors, such as androgen and oestrogen receptor genes, or genes involved in sex hormone pathways. To date, no conclusive associatio...
- Tinca J.C. Polderman, Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels, Michael S. Irwig, Lauren Beach, Yee Ming Chan, Yee...
- 2018
Jun 25, 2024 · Biological psychology is the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. It explores how biological factors like genes, hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain structures influence psychological components like thoughts, emotions, memories, and actions.
Clarify cognitive theories of psychology and how they apply to gender. Clarify biological factors and how they relate to gender in psychology.
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Mar 1, 2020 · 1. Introduction. Sexual orientation can be defined as one's relatively enduring sexual attraction to the other sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), both sexes (bisexuality) or neither sex (asexuality) (e.g., Storms, 1980).
