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  1. This study aimed to investigate whether nitrate use increased the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with HFpEF. The present study is not a prespecified secondary analysis of the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial data.

  2. Exogenous nitrate therapy has beneficial effects for HF treatment at the cellular and hemodynamic level by enhancing endothelium dependent vasodilation and improving systolic function and exercise capacity and inhibiting cardiac remodeling in black and non-black HF patients (8,12,13,17–19).

    • Divya Gupta, Vasiliki V. Georgiopoulou, Andreas P. Kalogeropoulos, Catherine N. Marti, Clyde W. Yanc...
    • 2013
  3. May 17, 2011 · In the setting of coronary artery disease, nitrate tolerance has been demonstrated as the loss of effects on treadmill walking time and time of onset of angina.

  4. Apr 4, 2017 · Nitrates may be beneficial in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) by enhancing cGMP signaling and improving hemodynamics, but real-world data on potential efficacy are lacking.

    • Shir Lynn Lim, Lina Benson, Ulf Dahlström, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Lars H. Lund
    • 2017
  5. Apr 23, 2012 · The use of short‐ and rapidly‐acting nitrates (eg, sublingual nitroglycerin spray and tablets) is at the core of the therapeutic armamentarium and should be integrated into optimal medical therapy for stable angina along with exercise therapy.

    • William E. Boden, Aloke V. Finn, Dharmesh Patel, W. Frank Peacock, Udho Thadani, Franklin H. Zimmerm...
    • 10.1002/clc.21993
    • 2012
    • Clin Cardiol. 2012 May; 35(5): 263-271.
  6. Apr 1, 2022 · Evidence of structural heart disease (eg, LV structural or functional alterations) may be used to further support the diagnosis of HFpEF. Key structural alterations are an increase in left atrial size and volume (left atrial volume index) and/or an increase in LV mass (LV mass index).

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  8. Mar 25, 2014 · This paper describes problems associated with nitrate tolerance, reviews mechanisms by which nitrate tolerance and loss of efficacy develop, and presents strategies to avoid nitrate tolerance and maintain efficacy when using long-acting nitrate formulations.

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