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- 1.2 Pronouncing and
- 1.3 Right to left
- 1.4 Final forms
- 1.5 Begadkephat letters
- 1.6 Gutturals
- 1.7 Easily confused letters
- 1.8 Transliteration
- 2.5 Reduced Vowels
- 2.7 Hebrew vowel letters
- 2.8.2 Vowel letters written with waw
- 2.11 Shewa
- 2.12 Holem over and
- 2.13 Dagesh Forte
- 3.4 Syllable classification
- 3.5 The Dagesh and Syllabification
- 3.9 Quiescent Aleph
- 4.3 Gender and Number
- 4.4 Summary of Noun Endings
- 4.8.2 Propretonic reduction
- 6.4.4 Inseparable Prepositions with an Article
- 6.5.2.b-c The Form of the Preposition
- Chapter 7: Hebrew Adjectives
- 7.4.2 Predicative Adjective
- 7.6 The Directional Ending
- 7.10 Basic Patterns of Adjectival Inflection
- 7.10.3 Inflection of Adjectives Ending in , ,
- 8.7 The Use of the Hebrew Demonstratives
- vs. 4 4 with a Pronominal Suffix
- 9.20 Resumptive Pronouns
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2.3 Multiple Construct Nouns
- 11.2.3 Numbers Three through Ten
- 12.5 Introduction to Verbal Stems
- Perfect
- 12.11.4 Cohortative
- 15.5 Qal Imperfect Paradigm of II-begadkephat Verbs
- • Geminate
- 18.6 The Particle
- 18.13 Cohortative
- Chapter 20: Qal Infinitive Construct
- 20.9 Infinitive Construct with pronominal suffixes
- 21.4.3 Weak forms of the Qal infinitive absolute
- 24.13 Niphal Participle
- 26.16 Loss of Dagesh Forte
- 26.17 Conjunctive Dagesh
- 27.15 Polel Stem
- 28.2 The meaning of the Pual stem
• When memorizing vocabulary, I pronounce these letters differently so that I do not confuse words. • For example: means ‘if’ or ‘then’, whereas means 'with'.
Hebrew is written and read from right to left when it is written in Hebrew characters. BUT when it is transliterated, it is written from left to right. So, for example, is transliterated as bārāʾ ʾɛlōhîm
Mnemonic: ‘common fats’ Except for final mem ( ), final forms ‘pull down’ the end of the letter (e.g., ).
The dagesh in a begad kephat indicates the kind of sound that you can’t prolong (e.g., P ) Begad kephat letters without a dagesh have the kind of sound you can prolong (e.g., F ) Mnemonic: transliteration. Mnemonic: For begadkephat letters, there is either a dot in the Hebrew letter or a line in the Dagesh is a dot, which is a visual representation...
Resh ( ) is NOT a guttural letter. It is never a guttural letter. Resh behaves in some of the same ways as a guttural letter, as you will learn in later chapters. In case you are curious: Since Kaf without a dagesh lene ( ) is pronounced just like et ( ), which is a guttural letter, you might wonder why et is guttural but Kaf isn’t. The reason i...
• There are other letters that sound alike: (Alef) and (Ayin), and (Kaf) and ( et) I recommend distinguishing all letters orally when memorizing vocabulary. When writing the letters, be sure to make it clear which letter you are writing.
There are multiple systems of transliterating Hebrew, so if you want to know the exact spelling, you will need to check the details of the system that is used in the particular book or journal article. Fortunately, if you learn the basic system presented in this textbook, you will usually be able to recognize what word or words is being translitera...
This textbook calls , Hateph Qamets, but many books call it Hateph Qamets Hatuf because it is an o-class vowel (like Qamets Hatuf), not an a-class vowel (like Qamets). Vocal shewa - , is also a reduced vowel. Hateph vowels (,, ., ) are used almost exclusively with guttural consonants ( to find a hateph vowel under a consonant that is not guttural...
‘Vowel letters’ are also called matres lectionis (‘mothers of reading’) or simply matres. In vowel letters, the Yod, Waw, or He is silent. So, for example, tsere yod sounds just like tsere; it doesn’t have a ‘y’ sound at the end. And Qamets He sounds just like Qamets, it doesn’t have an ‘h’ sound at the end.
How to distinguish the vowel letter Holem Waw from the consonant waw ( ) with the long vowel holem ( 0, )? If the previous letter has a vowel (or silent shewa), then is the consonant waw with a holem. If the previous letter lacks a vowel, then is the vowel holem waw. How to distinguish a Shureq from a waw with a dagesh forte? A waw with a dagesh...
Silent shewa is NOT a vowel. Vocal shewa is a reduced vowel.
• Whether or not the two dots combine depends on the font. It has nothing to do with Hebrew per se.
A Dagesh Forte doubles the sound in the sense that the sound ends one syllable and begins the next. Mnemonic: Dagesh Forte ‘fortifies’ the consonant by doubling it. begadkephat Both kinds of Dagesh (lene and forte) harden a begadkephat. A Dagesh Forte doubles and hardens a begadkephat. A Dagesh Lene hardens a begadkephat. Dagesh lene Can only occur...
The accent is always on either the last syllable (ultima) or the next-to-last syllable (penultima).1 Advanced information: The propretonic syllable and all syllables to the right of the propretonic are called distant syllables. Advanced information: The syllable to the left of the accented syllable could perhaps be called the postonic syllable, but...
A consonant with a Dagesh Forte is doubled so that it is part of two syllables: A consonant with a dagesh forte always closes one syllable and begins the next syllable. A Dagesh Lene always begins a new syllable that immediately follows a closed syllable (unless the dagesh lene is in the first letter of the word, so there is no immediately precedin...
• Quiescent aleph (aleph without a vowel) never begins a syllable.
• When the textbook says “a few nouns are both masculine and feminine,” what it means is that certain nouns are treated in some Bible verses as masculine nouns (it is the subject of verb that is written in masculine form or it is modified by a noun that is masculine) and in other Bible verses the same noun is treated as a feminine noun (it is the s...
One drops the singular ending before adding the plural or dual ending E.g., ‘law’ is . To form the plural ‘laws’, the FS ending , is removed before adding the FP ending so that the FP form is (not ).
• The Shewa that is added in propretonic reduction is a Vocal Shewa.
When an inseparable preposition is added to a noun with the article, the of the article disappears, so one must use other clues to decide if the article is there or not. Here are the rules: No article if: • Shewa or Hireq under preposition (e.g.,
Gutturals and Resh always reject a dagesh forte For the article, we had compensatory lengthening with But for , we have compensatory lengthening with
, whereas & had virtual doubling. , whereas only has virtual doubling.
A predicative adjective never takes the article and it can come before or after the noun Mnemonic: Predicative Perhaps Precedes noun but dePrived of article.
Because the directional ending , is never accented, there will always be an accent mark on the immediately preceding syllable. Because the FS noun and adjective ending , is accented, no accent mark will be shown in the textbook or workbook. (In the Hebrew Bible, there will be an accent mark on the last syllable).
• There are no segholate adjectives. So if you see a two-syllable word with the accent on the first syllable, it can’t be an adjective.
• Because the ending , is dropped, adding an adjective ending does not change the number of syllables or move the accent. As a result, propretonic reduction does not occur for adjectives whose lexical form ends in ,
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
• The Pual stem is the passive of the Piel. So the Pual is intensive only if the Piel is intensive. No comments on the remaining chapters
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Dec 12, 2018 · This word does mean “to know,” but in Job 24:13 it is used in a Hiphal form which means they are causing themselves to not know. In fact in the Hiphal form this word, when put into a construct form with the word “Lo” (not), would more appropriately be rendered pretend.
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Mar 5, 2019 · This course, “Exegesis of the Hebrew Scriptures,” promises to offer some constructive guidelines for your future study of the biblical text. Why, you ask, should I need “guidelines”?
