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In eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast. Some prokaryotes can perform photosynthesis, but they do not contain chloroplasts (or other membrane-bound organelles). In plants, chloroplast-containing cells exist in the mesophyll.
Searches related to internal structure of chloroplasts
The chloroplast structure consists of the following parts: Membrane Envelope. It comprises inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes. The inner membrane separates the stroma from the intermembrane space. Intermembrane Space. The space between inner and outer membranes. Thylakoid System (Lamellae) The system is suspended in the stroma.
- In all green plants, photosynthesis takes place within the thylakoid membrane of the Chloroplast.
- Chloroplasts are cell organelles present only in a plant cell and it includes: Stroma Inner membrane Outer membrane Thylakoid membrane Intermembran...
- The most important function of chloroplast is the production of food by the process of photosynthesis.
- Chloroplast contains a green pigment called chlorophyll which gives it a green colour.
- There are three types of plastids-chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast.
- The stack of lamellae or thylakoids inside a plastid is called grana.
- Overview
- Characteristics of chloroplasts
- The photosynthetic machinery
- Chloroplast genome and membrane transport
A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth. A chloroplast is a type of plastid (a saclike organelle with a double membrane) that contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
Where are chloroplasts found?
Chloroplasts are present in the cells of all green tissues of plants and algae. Chloroplasts are also found in photosynthetic tissues that do not appear green, such as the brown blades of giant kelp or the red leaves of certain plants. In plants, chloroplasts are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll (the internal cell layers of a leaf).
Why are chloroplasts green?
Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll, which is vital for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll occurs in several distinct forms. Chlorophylls a and b are the major pigments found in higher plants and green algae.
Do chloroplasts have DNA?
Chloroplasts are a type of plastid—a round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs. Chloroplasts are distinguished from other types of plastids by their green colour, which results from the presence of two pigments, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. A function of those pigments is to absorb light energy for the process of photosynthesis. Other pigments, such as carotenoids, are also present in chloroplasts and serve as accessory pigments, trapping solar energy and passing it to chlorophyll. In plants, chloroplasts occur in all green tissues, though they are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll.
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Pop Quiz: 13 Things to Know About Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts are roughly 1–2 μm (1 μm = 0.001 mm) thick and 5–7 μm in diameter. They are enclosed in a chloroplast envelope, which consists of a double membrane with outer and inner layers, between which is a gap called the intermembrane space. A third, internal membrane, extensively folded and characterized by the presence of closed disks (or thylakoids), is known as the thylakoid membrane. In most higher plants, the thylakoids are arranged in tight stacks called grana (singular granum). Grana are connected by stromal lamellae, extensions that run from one granum, through the stroma, into a neighbouring granum. The thylakoid membrane envelops a central aqueous region known as the thylakoid lumen. The space between the inner membrane and the thylakoid membrane is filled with stroma, a matrix containing dissolved enzymes, starch granules, and copies of the chloroplast genome.
The thylakoid membrane houses chlorophylls and different protein complexes, including photosystem I, photosystem II, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthase, which are specialized for light-dependent photosynthesis. When sunlight strikes the thylakoids, the light energy excites chlorophyll pigments, causing them to give up electrons. The electrons then enter the electron transport chain, a series of reactions that ultimately drives the phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to the energy-rich storage compound ATP. Electron transport also results in the production of the reducing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
ATP and NADPH are used in the light-independent reactions (dark reactions) of photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide and water are assimilated into organic compounds. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are carried out in the chloroplast stroma, which contains the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco). Rubisco catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle (also called Calvin-Benson cycle), the primary pathway of carbon transport in plants. Among so-called C4 plants, the initial carbon fixation step and the Calvin cycle are separated spatially—carbon fixation occurs via phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylation in chloroplasts located in the mesophyll, while malate, the four-carbon product of that process, is transported to chloroplasts in bundle-sheath cells, where the Calvin cycle is carried out. C4 photosynthesis attempts to minimize the loss of carbon dioxide to photorespiration. In plants that use crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), PEP carboxylation and the Calvin cycle are separated temporally in chloroplasts, the former taking place at night and the latter during the day. The CAM pathway allows plants to carry out photosynthesis with minimal water loss.
The chloroplast genome typically is circular (though linear forms have also been observed) and is roughly 120–200 kilobases in length. The modern chloroplast genome, however, is much reduced in size: over the course of evolution, increasing numbers of chloroplast genes have been transferred to the genome in the cell nucleus. As a result, proteins encoded by nuclear DNA have become essential to chloroplast function. Hence, the outer membrane of the chloroplast, which is freely permeable to small molecules, also contains transmembrane channels for the import of larger molecules, including nuclear-encoded proteins. The inner membrane is more restrictive, with transport limited to certain proteins (e.g., nuclear-encoded proteins) that are targeted for passage through transmembrane channels.
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- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Jan 29, 2024 · A chloroplast’s structure is complex, comprising several distinct components: Outer Membrane: The outer membrane is a semi-permeable barrier that encases the organelle. Inner Membrane: The inner membrane is located just inside the outer membrane.
Apr 27, 2017 · The space within the inner membrane is called the stroma. While the inner membranes of mitochondria have many folds called cristae to absorb surface area, the inner membranes of chloroplasts are smooth. Instead, chloroplasts have many small disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids within their stroma.
microbenotes.com · chloroplasts-structure-andChloroplasts: Definition, Structure, Functions, Diagram
Nov 1, 2023 · Inside the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoids, called grana, as well as stroma, the dense fluid inside of the chloroplast. These thylakoids contain the chlorophyll that is necessary for the plant to go through photosynthesis.
Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are molecules of chlorophyll, a pigment (a molecule that absorbs light) through which the entire process of photosynthesis begins. Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color of plants. The thylakoid membrane encloses an internal space called the thylakoid lumen or space.
