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- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Cingulate Gyrus
- Hypothalamus
- Basal Ganglia
- Research on The Limbic System
- Treatment and Future Directions
- References
There are two hippocampilocated in each hemisphere of the brain. They are seahorse-shaped and are structures mainly associated with being the memory centers of our brains. Episodic memoriesare formed in the hippocampus and then filed away into long-term storage throughout other parts of the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus plays a role in spatial n...
The amygdalais an almond-shaped structure located right next to the hippocampus. The main function of the amygdala is in emotional responses, including feelings of happiness, fear, anger, and anxiety. This area is also key for the formation of new memories. The amygdala interacts with the hippocampus by attaching emotional content to memories. It h...
The cingulate gyrus is part of the cingulate cortex of the brain and is thought to be an integral part of the limbic system. This area is believed to help regulate emotions, behavior, and pain, as well as being responsible for controlling autonomic motor function. This area is thought to involve fear and the prediction and avoidance of negative sti...
The hypothalamus’ most basic function is homeostasis (maintaining a steady internal state). This region controls most autonomic functions, such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and sexual activity. The hypothalamus also serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system and in the regulation o...
The basal ganglia are a group of structures situated at the base of the forebrain and the top of the midbrain. Its main functions are to regulate voluntary movements, including eye movements, and help with balance as well as posture. There is a limbic region of the basal ganglia, which has multiple components (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental a...
Several recent studies have furthered our understanding of the limbic system’s structure and function in both healthy and clinical populations: 1. Rolls (2019) proposed there may be two separate limbic systems – one for emotion involving the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and one for memory involving the hippocampus and ...
As research continues to unravel the limbic system’s complexity, new treatment targets and approaches may emerge. Deep brain stimulation has shown promise for treating certain limbic-mediated conditions like anxiety, PTSD, and addiction by modulating activity in regions like the amygdala and nucleus accumbens (Bari et al., 2014). Antidepressant med...
Banwinkler, M., Theis, H., Prange, S., & van Eimeren, T. (2022). Imaging the Limbic System in Parkinson’s Disease-A Review of Limbic Pathology and Clinical Symptoms. Brain Sciences, 12(9), 1248. Bari, A., Niu, T., Langevin, J. P., & Fried, I. (2014). Limbic neuromodulation: implications for addiction, posttraumatic stress disorder, and memory. Neur...
Using multiple data sources and multiple measurement occasions in a field setting, we found that job autonomy, cognitive ability, and job-related skill were positively related to role breadth, accounting for 23% of the variance in role breadth.
Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook (Figure 1.13). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures.
The different organ systems each have different functions and therefore unique roles to perform in physiology. These many functions can be summarized in terms of a few that we might consider definitive of human life: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction.
