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  1. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesWest Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology ...

    Jul 19, 2020 · West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses ...

    • Figure 2

      West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus...

    • Table 2

      West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus...

    • PMC Free Article

      Prior to 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was a bit player in the...

  2. www.choctawnation.com › wp-content › uploadsWest Nile Virus Fact Sheet - choctawnation.com

    West Nile Virus Fact Sheet . West Nile Virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito -borne disease in the con nental United States. WNV is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV is most prevalent during mosquito season, and currently, there are no vaccines to prevent WNV. How does WNV spread?

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  4. www.who.int › fact-sheets › detailWest Nile virus - World Health Organization (WHO)

    • Outbreaks
    • Transmission
    • Signs and Symptoms
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment and Vaccine
    • Vector and Animal Hosts
    • Prevention
    • Who Response

    West Nile Virus (WNV) was first isolated in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937. It was identified in birds (crows and columbiformes) in Nile delta region in 1953. Before 1997 WNV was not considered pathogenic for birds, but at that time in Israel a more virulent strain caused the death of different bird species presenting signs of ...

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    Human infection is most often the result of bites from infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood for a few days. The virus eventually gets into the mosquito's salivary glands. During later blood meals (when mosquitoes bite), the virus may be injected into humans and an...

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    Infection with WNV is either asymptomatic (no symptoms) in around 80% of infected people, or can lead to West Nile fever or severe West Nile disease. About 20% of people who become infected with WNV will develop West Nile fever. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, and body aches, nausea, vomiting, occasionally with a skin rash (on the trun...

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    West Nile virus can be diagnosed by a number of different tests: 1. IgG antibody sero-conversion (or significant increase in antibody titers) in two serial specimen collected at a one week interval by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 2. IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 3. neutralisation assays; 4. viral dete...

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    Treatment is supportive for patients with neuro-invasive West Nile virus, often involving hospitalization, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections. No vaccine is available for humans.

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    WN virus is maintained in nature in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle. Mosquitoes of the genus Culex are generally considered the principal vectors of WNV, in particular Cx. Pipiens. WNV is maintained in mosquito populations through vertical transmission (adults to eggs). Birds are the reservoir hosts of WNV. In Europe, Africa, Middle Eas...

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    Preventing transmission in horses

    Since WNV outbreaks in animals precede human cases, the establishment of an active animal health surveillance system to detect new cases in birds and horses is essential in providing early warning for veterinary and human public health authorities. In the Americas, it is important to help the community by reporting dead birds to local authorities. Vaccines have been developed for horses. Treatment is supportive and consistent with standard veterinary practices for animals infected with a vira...

    Reducing the risk of infection in people

    In the absence of a vaccine, the only way to reduce infection in people is by raising awareness of the risk factors and educating people about the measures they can take to reduce exposure to the virus. Public health educational messages should focus on the following: 1. Reducing the risk of mosquito transmission. Efforts to prevent transmission should first focus on personal and community protection against mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets, personal insect repellent, by wearin...

    Vector Control

    Effective prevention of human WNV infections depends on the development of comprehensive, integrated mosquito surveillance and control programmes in areas where the virus occurs. Studies should identify local mosquito species that play a role in WNV transmission, including those that might serve as a “bridge” from birds to human beings. Emphasis should be on integrated control measures including source reduction (with community participation), water management, chemicals, and biological contr...

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    The WHO regional office for Europe and WHO region of the Americas are intensively supporting WNV surveillance and outbreak response activities respectively in Europe and in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, together with country offices and international partners.

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  5. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesA 20-year historical review of West Nile virus since its ...

    May 6, 2021 · Introduction and history of West Nile virus in North America. West Nile virus (WNV) was first discovered in Uganda in 1937 [], and for more than 60 years, circulated in an enzootic mosquito-borne transmission cycle throughout Africa, the Middle East, Russia, and Europe, with the predominant strain being lineage 2 [].

    • Shannon E. Ronca, Jeanne C. Ruff, Jeanne C. Ruff, Kristy O. Murray, Kristy O. Murray
    • 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009190
    • 2021
    • 2021/05

  6. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesIntroduction, Spread, and Establishment of West Nile Virus in ...

    Sep 24, 2019 · The introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) to North America in 1999 and its subsequent rapid spread across the Americas demonstrated the potential impact of arboviral introductions to new regions, and this was reinforced by the subsequent introductions of chikungunya and Zika viruses. Extensive studies of host–pathogen–vector–environment ...

    • Laura D Kramer, Laura D Kramer, Alexander T Ciota, Alexander T Ciota, A Marm Kilpatrick
    • 10.1093/jme/tjz151
    • 2019
    • J Med Entomol. 2019 Oct; 56(6): 1448-1455.

  7. my.clevelandclinic.org › health › diseasesWest Nile Virus: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

    Oct 16, 2023 · West Nile encephalitis and meningitis. Symptoms of more serious West Nile infections include: Intense, very painful headache. High fever (above 103 degrees Fahrenheit or 39.5 degrees Celsius). Stiff neck. You might not be able to move your chin toward your chest. Confusion. Muscle weakness. Muscle movements you can’t control (tremors or ...

  8. www.merckmanuals.com › west-nile-virus-infectionWest Nile Virus Infection - Infections - Merck Manual ...

    West Nile virus infection is a viral disease spread primarily from mosquitoes to people. Most people have mild or no symptoms, but some people develop a severe infection that affects the central nervous system. West Nile virus infection is present in the contiguous United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, and Caribbean ...