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We know from their inscriptions that the Phrygians spoke an Indo-European language. Judging from historical records supported by ceramic evidence, settlers migrating from the Balkans in Europe first settled here a hundred or more years following the destruction of the Hittite empire (ca. 1200 B.C.). Most of what is known about Phrygian ...
- Bronze Age Writing at Gordion
- Development of Phrygian Script
- From Phrygian to Greek
- Conclusions
The earliest writing at Gordion dates to the Late Bronze Age, 14001200 B.C. This phase of the settlement was contemporary with the Hittite Empire, and shared aspects of material culture suggest that Cordion was within the Hittite political and economic sphere. Several Bronze Age seals and seal impressions have been found at Cordion, including a j...
The centuries immediately following the collapse of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia (ca. 1200 B.C.) are called the Dark Ages, because we lack both written records and archaeological definition for the period. The Phrygians entered central Anatolia and settled at Cordion during this time, having come from Thrace and Macedonia according to the Creek...
A second stage of Greek influence on Phrygian writing occurred in the 4th century B.C., four hundred years after the introduction of the alphabet, when Creek letters and Creek orthography appear in graffiti on pottery. At this time, since there was still considerable overlap between the two writing systems, the actual evidence for the shift of sc...
The Phrygian writing system drew upon two separate script systems—Anatolian hieroglyphs and the Creek alphabet. Each derived from outside Phrygia, but the reasons for their adoption seem to have varied. During the Late Bronze Age at Cordian, the writing system and the use of non-verbal graphic symbols appear to have been limited to recording owner...
October 2004. Located in western Anatolia and bordered by the kingdom of Phrygia to the east and Ionia to the west, the kingdom of Lydia flourished during the first millennium B.C. Much of what is known about Lydia derives from the Greek historian Herodotus (fifth century B.C.).
The earliest traditions of Greek music are in part connected to Phrygian music, transmitted through the Greek colonies in Anatolia, especially the Phrygian mode, which was considered to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music.
Until the beginning of the 1950s, Gordion had only produced three Early Phrygian (YHSS 6 period) inscriptions (G-101 to G-103), found during the German excavations of the Körte brothers (1900), and one of these had been misidentified as Greek.
The earliest records of Phrygian, called Palaeo-Phrygian, are almost as old as Greek alphabetic writing and appear as early as the 8th century BC. They are found over a vast area within Anatolia, even in areas where Phrygian presence was not certain.
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The modern discovery of Phrygian tiles at Gordion began with the excavations of a number of fragmentary terracottas by two Austrian brothers, Gustav and Alfred Körte, during their single campaign in 1900.
