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How do you know if a sheep has tularemia?
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Tularemia can infect people and can be transmitted by aerosol, direct contact, ingestion, or ticks and deer flies. Among domestic animals, sheep are the most likely to show signs of the disease, but disease has also been reported in horses.
- Natural Distribution
- Transmission
- Clinical Signs of Tularemia in Animals and Humans
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Infection Control
- Use of Tularemia as A Biological Weapon
Tularemia most often affects lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and rodents; however, it has been reported as affecting more than 100 species of wild and domestic mammals. In North America, infections are most common in snowshoe hares, black-tailed jackrabbits, and eastern and desert cottontails. Infections in birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ...
Ticks are the most important vectors of F. tularensis, transferring the bacterium between rabbits, hares, and rodents and serving as an interepizootic reservoir. Horseflies, mosquitoes, sucking lice, and biting flies may also serve as vectors. In endemic areas, transmission to humans and other domestic vertebrates usually occurs via bites from infe...
Rabbits, hares, and rodents—Clinical signs in rabbits, hares, and rodents have not been well described, because affected animals have most often been found dead. Experimentally infected animals exhibit weakness, fever, ulcers, regional lymphadenopathy, and abscesses. Death usually ensues in 8 to 14 days. Sheep—Tularemia in sheep is typically a seas...
ELISA, hemagglutination, microagglutination, and tube agglutination are used to identify agglutinating antibodies in serum. Definitive diagnosis is through isolation of F. tularensis from clinical specimens (e.g., blood, exudates, biopsy samples); however, many laboratories are reluctant to attempt this because of associated risks with infecting la...
For humans and other animals, tick control is an important part of prevention. Contact with untreated water should be avoided when contamination with F. tularensis is suspected, and wild game should be thoroughly cooked before consumption. In endemic areas, handling of dead and moribund animals should be avoided. Gloves should be worn when handling...
Streptomycin and tetracycline are the antibiotics of choice for treating wild and domestic animals. For humans, streptomycin has been preferred, with tetracyclines (especially doxycycline), gentamicin, and chloramphenicol as alternatives. Fluoroquinolones have also shown promise in the treatment of tularemia. Chloramphenicol has been used to treat ...
Healthcare professionals assisting animal and human patients should wear personal protective clothing (e.g., gowns, gloves, and face masks). Because F. tularensis is a highly infectious organization, diagnostic laboratories should be notified that tularemia is on the list of differential diagnoses when specimens are submitted. Biosafety at level 2 ...
F. tularensis is classified as a Category A agent of bioterrorism because of its high infectivity, ease of dissemination, and its potential to cause severe disease. Anticipated mechanisms for dissemination include contamination of food or water and aerosolization. This information has been prepared as a service by the American Veterinary Medical As...
What are signs and symptoms of tularemia? Symptoms of tularemia depend on what form you have. Most forms cause a fever, various types of rash and additional symptoms specific to where the infection is in your body. Symptoms of ulceroglandular and glandular tularemia. Fever. Very large, swollen and painful lymph nodes.
Clinical signs can include anorexia, dehydration, listlessness, enlarged lymph nodes, draining abscesses, oral or tongue ulceration, pneumonia, enlarged liver and spleen, and icterus (yellowish color of skin and eye). Nonspecific signs include lethargy (low energy), anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea.
May 15, 2024 · Tularemia is a potentially serious illness caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. People can become infected in several different ways, including tick and deer fly bites, and contact with infected animals (especially rodents, rabbits, and hares).
Sep 23, 2009 · Among domesticated animals, tularemia occurs in sheep, cats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, horses, ranched mink, pet rodents and other species. Outbreaks have also been seen in captive nonhuman primates. Cattle seem to be relatively resistant to illness, although a few clinical cases have been reported.
