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- A fault is a planar geologic structure. Like any planar structure, it has an orientation that may be characterized by strike and dip. For small faults, it may be possible to walk up to an outcrop and measure the orientation with a clinometer.
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How does a fault differ from a joint?
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What is a fault gouge?
How are faults classified?
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It is important to distinguish between descriptive (geometric) terms, which tell us about the orientation of a fault and the offset of layers on either side, and kinematic terms, which describe the distance and direction of fault movement.
Faults are shear fractures or tabular zones with measurable displacement. As this displacement accumulates, faults tend to form a zone of fractured rock around them, called a damage zone, and form a zone of fault gouge along the slip surface. Thus, faults with significant offset appear very different from joints.
Faulting as a term refers to the rupture of rocks. Such ruptures occur at plate boundaries but can also occur in plate interiors as well. Faults slip along the fault plane. The fault scarp is the offset of the surface produced where the fault breaks through the surface.
A fault is a plane with localized displacement separating two blocks of rock. As you might already know from your intro to geology class, there are three basic types of faults; strike slip, normal, and reverse.