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Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the Qieyun, a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions.
The four tones of Middle Chinese, 平 píng level, 上 shǎng rising, 去 qù departing, and 入 rù entering, all evolved from different final losses from Old Chinese. The 上 , or rising tone, arose from the loss of glottal stops at the end of words.
The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 17 editions (the most recent in 2017) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
11.149 Fingerspelling. 11.150 Lexicalized signs. 11.151 Handshapes. 11.152 Transcriptions of signed sentences. 11.153 Pronouns, possessives, and reference. 11.154 Nonmanual signals. Foreign Languages from the table of contents of the Chicago Manual of Style Online.
The Chicago Manual of Style Online is the venerable, time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format. ¶ It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound, definitive advice. ¶ Over 1.5 million copies sold!
Middle Chinese phonology, as a period of the Chinese language, also has its variants in time and space. It has been proposed that Middle Chinese should be further divided into two periods: Early Middle Chinese and Late Middle Chinese.
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Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on. Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?
