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Jun 12, 2020 · Here are several findings from the survey: Political power today: Around 94.5% of respondents included China as one of the three countries with the most political power and influence in Southeast ...
Jun 1, 2022 · of Colombia is the most remote sub-region (3f), which is subdivided into four provinces: north, central, south, and east. The north province runs along the Guaviare riverbanks.
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- Introduction
- Materials and Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- Data Availability Statement
- Author Contributions
- Funding
- Conflict of Interest
- Publisher's Note
A biogeographic regionalization is a tool to categorize geographic areas that often represent biotas (Morrone et al., 2022). Biogeographic classifications can be found in a wide range of mono crops usually at large scales in temperate regions. However, biogeographic regionalization's of important emerging crops at finer scales are less common in tr...
Cacao Information and Spatial Data
Cacao is widely distributed with ~213,165 hectares planted in Colombia (Agronet, 2022) (Supplementary Table 7). Cacao plantations can be found from sea level to 1,200 meters (Antolinez et al., 2020; Nuñez-Rodríguez et al., 2021). The cacao farms are in 31 of the 32 departments of Colombia. This area covers 568 municipalities reaching an average cocoa production of 70,205 tons in a year as reported by the National Cacao Association Fedecacao (2021). The size of the traditional cacao farm is be...
Regionalization
A hierarchical area taxonomy classification was applied to describe the biogeographical regions (González-Orozco, 2021b). This method consists of defining the categories that species, in this case a crop, in a hierarchy using nomenclatural and biogeographical principles such as taxonomy, physical geography, spatial variation of climate and soils, topographical features. The biogeographical regions (or regionalization) are placed into categories of different hierarchical levels. In our case, t...
Climate Maps
The macro climate dataset WordlClim v.2 was used to generate the macroclimate maps of the regions (Fick and Hijmans, 2017). The macroclimate WorldClim v.2 dataset consisted of seven variables: precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation at 1 km2 spatial resolution. The soil temperature bioclimatic SBIO dataset used was to generate the microclimate maps of the regions (Lembrechts et al., 2021). It consisted of ele...
Regionalization
Four biogeographical regions (northeast, northwest, eastern and southwest), 31 sub-regions and 54 provinces of cultivated cacao are proposed (Figures 1B, 3; Table 1). We demonstrated that the biogeography of cultivated cacao is being influenced by macro/micro-climate, elevation, and river systems (Supplementary Figure 1). Landscape features such as alluvial plains (<800 m.a.s.l.), and slopes of inter Andean dry or humid valleys with elevations generally between 600 and 1,200 m.a.s.l. also det...
Climate Maps
Macro and microclimate maps showed different patterns for each hierarchical level (Supplementary Figures 2, 3). Solar radiation is macroclimate variables that best differentiate the four regions. Soil temperature seasonality on the other hand is an effective microclimate variable to determine differences within regions and provinces. The specific patterns of macro and microclimate will be discussed in the next section.
Ordination Analysis
The ordination analysis supported the regionalization shown in Figures 1, 3. Axis 1 explained 99.8% of the variation in climate suggesting areas of moderate solar radiation as stable cacao regions. Axis 1 explained 82.3% of the variation in soil temperature seasonality, suggesting areas of low to moderate seasonality as ideal cacao growing regions (Figure 2; Supplementary Figure 5). Solar radiation and soil temperature seasonality were the variables that best explained the spatial variation o...
The ordination analyses proved that there are spatial differences in climate between regions, sub-regions, and provinces (Figure 2) suggesting that cacao plantations could be affected depending on the biogeography where they are located. Although we have not proved the potential effect on the quality of cocoa, our regionalization helps to identify ...
We proposed four regions (north-eastern, north-western, south-western, east), 31 sub-regions and 54 provinces of cacao in Colombia. Our proposed regionalization showed that each cacao region, sub-region, and province have their own signature which can be used to develop cacao denominations depending on its geographic origin. Solar radiation, precip...
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, under request.
CG-O designed the study, assemble spatial data, prepared the manuscript, and analyzed the climate data. AP assembled spatial data and discussed results. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
The authors would like to thank the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) for providing funding. The authors would like to thank the Expedicion Cacao Colombia BIO, Colombia BIO program, Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia (MINCIENCIAS) under the special cooperative Agreement No. FP4...
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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The region is divided into two subregions: a higher South–East Marginal Subregion (7a) and a lower South–East Foreland (7b) that could be considered also as two independent regions. The subregions are distinct in the presented cluster classification (7a—Marginal regions, 7b— Forelands, c.f. Fig. 9), but in some clustering experiments ...
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