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As of 2022, Google Translate supports 133 languages at various levels; it claimed over 500 million total users as of April 2016, with more than 100 billion words translated daily, after the company stated in May 2013 that it served over 200 million people daily.
Multi Linguis offers dictionaries for more than 260 languages and various language groups. These books can be bilingual or multilingual, with translations from the English language into foreign ones. They are intended to help you study, overview or compare many languages, as well as revise your vocabulary.
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- A Descriptive Approach to Word Lists in Language Learning
- Intuition and Data in Learner Dictionaries
- Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries
- From Dictionary to User
- Research to Date
- Dictionaries For Decoding
- Dictionaries For Encoding
- Dictionaries and Language Learning
- Conclusion
The descriptive approach to NNS lexicography predates the modern corpus era. The first notable event was the appearance of Thorndike and Lorge’s Teacher’s Wordbook of 30,000 Words which was published in 1944, though earlier versions had appeared in 1921 and 1931. Based on a collection of 18 million words, the book contained 30,000 entries listed ac...
Returning to more standard dictionaries, the first major innovation of the twentieth century was probably the appearance of Hornby’s seminal work which is now in its eighth edition as the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD), accompanied by an American edition and various spin-offs for phrasal verbs, idioms, and other language areas. This de...
The discussion so far has mainly focused on English and on monolingual dictionaries, and not without reason. Hanks (2013, p. 104, 355) happily acknowledges that lexicography for languages in other countries may be more advanced in terms of theoretical foundations (e.g., Russian ), or phraseology in dictionaries (e.g., Czech ), but it is no secret t...
So much for dictionaries themselves, but what of the learners? Clearly it is important to improve dictionaries, but it is also worth asking whether we can “improve the users” (Atkins and Varantola 1997, p. 1). Most dictionaries intended for NNSs, whether monolingual or bilingual, paper or electronic, are very easy to use on first encounter – at lea...
Because dictionary making is a commercial enterprise, “research conducted by dictionary publishers is not generally made public” (Nesi 2014, p. 39). There is however an increasing quantity of empirical studies on dictionary use by learners. These are highly diverse and target various aspects of dictionary use such as learners’ beliefs and attitudes...
One of the key roles of dictionaries as a reference tool is to help learners understand the meaning of words or expressions in decoding activities (e.g., reading a text in the target language). On the whole, research suggests that learners tend to be rather reluctant to turn to dictionaries in receptive activities (Atkins and Varantola 1997; Hulsti...
Although MLDs have often been presented as encoding tools par excellence by lexicographers and researchers (Rundell 1999; McEnery et al. 2006; De Cock and Granger 2004), learners’ actual use of these dictionaries for production can appear to be rather limited or unsuccessful (Lew 2004). Frequently cited explanations for this include learners’ lack ...
As pointed out by Lew and Doroszewska (2009, p. 239), learning new vocabulary can be regarded as “a useful by-product of dictionary consultation.” Any learning resulting from the use of dictionaries as reference tools has been labeled as incidental learning (as opposed to intentional learning: Hulstijn 2003; Bogaards 2010). In empirical studies of ...
We have seen in this chapter that dictionaries are a perennial staple for language learners and foreign or second language users of all types. Bilingual dictionaries remain the basis for this, though curiously they have been less innovative perhaps than MLDs. Though there may be a move from printed to electronic formats, this reliance on dictionari...
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical and stroke for logographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. It is a lexicographical ...
Level: Beginner–Advanced. Use: Look up vocabulary translations. A bilingual dictionary offers direct translations between two different languages. It is an indispensable tool for any serious language learner, and there are still significant benefits to using a paper one over a digital version.
Jan 1, 2014 · The present chapter examines the peculiarities of lexicography linking two languages. It addresses the following broad issues: Can bilingual dictionaries legitimately be called translation dictionaries? What language pairs do they normally cover? Who uses them? What...
Oct 12, 2020 · bab.la: There are 28 target languages available from English, which means it’s pretty difficult not to find the one you need. You can also find the most commonly used phrases from the single word that you searched for. ProZ.com: A user-contributed database that can help you find that technical term/phrase not yet updated in general dictionaries.