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List of programming languages. This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markup languages such ...
- List of Programming Languages by Type
Ada – multi-purpose language. Alef – concurrent language...
- F Sharp
Language overview Functional programming. F# is a strongly...
- Generational
This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages...
- Lynx
Lynx is a programming language for large distributed...
- Elixir
Elixir is a functional, concurrent, high-level...
- Cobra
Cobra is a discontinued general-purpose, object-oriented...
- Timeline
Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages;...
- List of Stylesheet Languages
The following is a list of style sheet languages. Standard....
- List of Programming Languages by Type
List of JVM languages. List of Lisp-family programming languages. Non-English-based programming languages. List of object-oriented programming languages. List of reflective programming languages and platforms. Timeline of programming languages. Unisys MCP programming languages. Categories: Lists of technology lists.
- History
- Elements
- Design and Implementation
- Proprietary Languages
- Use
- Dialects, Flavors and Implementations
- Classifications
Early developments
The first programmable computers were invented at the end of the 1940s, and with them, the first programming languages. The earliest computers were programmed in first-generation programming languages (1GLs), machine language (simple instructions that could be directly executed by the processor). This code was very difficult to debug and was not portable between different computer systems. In order to improve the ease of programming, assembly languages (or second-generation programming langua...
1960s and 1970s
Around 1960, the first mainframes—general purpose computers—were developed, although they could only be operated by professionals and the cost was extreme. The data and instructions were input by punch cards, meaning that no input could be added while the program was running. The languages developed at this time therefore are designed for minimal interaction. After the invention of the microprocessor, computers in the 1970s became dramatically cheaper.New computers also allowed more user inte...
1980s to 2000s
During the 1980s, the invention of the personal computer transformed the roles for which programming languages were used. New languages introduced in the 1980s included C++, a superset of C that can compile C programs but also supports classes and inheritance. Ada and other new languages introduced support for concurrency. The Japanese government invested heavily into the so-called fifth-generation languagesthat added support for concurrency to logic programming constructs, but these language...
All programming languages have some primitivebuilding blocks for the description of data and the processes or transformations applied to them (like the addition of two numbers or the selection of an item from a collection). These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively.
Programming languages share properties with natural languages related to their purpose as vehicles for communication, having a syntactic form separate from its semantics, and showing language families of related languages branching one from another. But as artificial constructs, they also differ in fundamental ways from languages that have evolved ...
Although most of the most commonly used programming languages have fully open specifications and implementations, many programming languages exist only as proprietary programming languages with the implementation available only from a single vendor, which may claim that such a proprietary language is their intellectual property. Proprietary program...
Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computing field.Individual software projects commonly use five programming languages or more. Programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a greater degree of precision and completeness. When using a natural language to commu...
A dialect of a programming language or a data exchange language is a (relatively small) variation or extension of the language that does not change its intrinsic nature. With languages such as Scheme and Forth, standards may be considered insufficient, inadequate, or illegitimate by implementors, so often they will deviate from the standard, making...
Programming languages are often placed into four main categories: imperative, functional, logic, and object oriented. 1. Imperative languages are designed to implement an algorithm in a specified order; they include visual programming languages such as .NET for generating graphical user interfaces. Scripting languages, which are partly or fully int...
List of programming languages. 50 languages. Afrikaans; ... This list is not complete; you can help by adding missing items This page was last changed on 2 March 2024 ...
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BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC) BCPL. C (one of the most widely used procedural languages) C++ (widely used multiparadigm language derived from C) C# (compiled into CIL, generates a native image at runtime) Ceylon (compiled into JVM bytecode) CHILL.
