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- Hosmer’s marble creation depicts Zenobia in a majestic form as she is paraded through the streets of the Imperial City by her captor’s army.
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Feb 22, 2024 · Harriet Hosmer, the 19th-century American sculptor from Watertown, Massachusetts was the exceptional talent behind the towering sculpture of Zenobia. This powerful statue of the fabled 3rd-century Palmyrene is a haunting tribute to the proud yet humbled maverick queen.
From the pages of antiquity emerges the remarkable figure of Zenobia, the 3rd-century queen who boldly led the Palmyrene Empire and staged a significant rebellion against the mighty Roman Empire.
- Origin and Family
- Death of The Husband and Self-Rule on Behalf of The Son
- Expansion and First Conflicts with Rome
- Governance and Queen’s Tolerance
- Settlement with Rome
- Rebellion Against The Emperor and Fall
- Captivity and Further Fate
- Rating
The exact date of Zenobia’s birth is unknown, but it is believed that it was around CE 240. Her Roman name was Julia Aurelia Zenobia. In turn, the girl’s Palmyra name is Bat-Zabbai (spelled “Btzby”, which meant “Zabbai’s daughter”). On a daily basis, however, she used the name Zenobia, which meant “the one that comes from Zeus”. The nineteenth-cent...
In the first centuries CE, Palmyra was a city subordinated to Rome and part of the province of Phenicia. In 260 CE, the Roman Emperor Valerian marched against the King of Persia, Shapur I, who invaded the eastern regions of the Roman Empire. Valerian, however, was defeated at the Battle of Edessa and taken prisoner. Odenatus remained loyal to the R...
In 269, when Claudius Gothicus (Galien’s successor) defended the borders of Italy and the Balkans against German invasions, Zenobia strengthened its position. Roman officials in the east faced a difficult choice, as they had to choose between loyalty to the emperor and the growing demands of Zenobia, who demanded more and more loyalty from them. It...
Zenobia ruled a state made up of various nations. As an inhabitant of Palmyra, she was used to multiculturalism and multilingualism, as her city was a melting pot of nations. The queen state was culturally divided into an East Semitic part and a Hellenistic part. Zenobia tried to reconcile them with herself and apparently managed to get along with ...
Initially, Zenobia avoided provoking Rome, demanding for herself and her son the titles inherited from Odenatus, a subject of Rome and defender of the eastern borders of the empire. After the territorial expansion, she wanted to be recognized as the empire’s partner in its eastern part and introduced her son as the emperor’s subordinate. In late 27...
The Palmyrian inscription, dated August 271, describes Zenobia in Greek as “eusebes” or “pious”. This title, often assumed by Roman empresses, is considered her first step to becoming imperial. Another Greek inscription calls her “sebaste” so meaning “wonderful”, “divine” (Latin for augusta). In late 271, Egyptian grain receipts equated Aurelian an...
When news of the queen’s capture reached Palmyra, the city immediately surrendered to the Romans. Aurelian had taken countless treasures from Palmyra, but he would not let his troops plunder the city. The emperor then sent Zenobia and her courtiers to Emesa, where they were to be tried for treason and rebellion against the empire. The History of Au...
Zenobia was an enlightened ruler and favoured the development of science in her court, which was open to scholars and philosophers. She was tolerant of her subjects and protected religious minorities. The Queen maintained a stable administration that ruled over a multicultural and multi-ethnic empire. Her rise to power and fall were an inspiration ...
Aug 27, 2020 · She also possessed a Roman gentilicium, or surname, which was Septimia. One inscription refers to her as Septimia Bat-Zabbai, daughter of Antiochus. Since Antiochus was not a common Palmyrene name, it has been suggested that this is a reference to real or imagined ancestors belonging to the Seleucid or Ptolemaic dynasties .
Jan 13, 2021 · Around 258, Zenobia became the second wife of Lucius Septimius Odaenathus, the Roman governor of Syria. He was the founder of the Palmyrian kingdom and became a vassal of the Roman Empire. Septimius Odaenathus achieved this after defeating the Sassanids and repelling them beyond the Euphrates River.
Pushed to the extreme by supporters of an uncompromising strain of Syrian nationalism, Zenobia has also been portrayed as the founder of one of the first Arab empires taking arms against Roman colonialism. The oasis of Palmyra is a point of convergence of several trade routes in northwestern Syria.
Apr 17, 2024 · Notable Family Members: spouse Septimius Odaenathus. Zenobia (died after 274) was the queen of the Roman colony of Palmyra, in present-day Syria, from 267 or 268 to 272. She conquered several of Rome’s eastern provinces before she was subjugated by the emperor Aurelian (ruled 270–275).
