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- Gratian of Bologna, later bishop of Chiusi (died c. 1145), was a remarkably influential lawyer, who is undeservedly little known today. He was a legal expert who specialized in the rules and regulations of the Western Christian church.
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Gratian was a Roman emperor from 367 to 383. During part of his reign he shared this office with his father, Valentinian I (reigned 364–375), and his uncle Valens (reigned 364–378). By proclaiming the eight-year-old Gratian as Augustus (coruler), his father sought to assure a peaceful succession to.
- Abstract
- The Man and His Book
- Arguing About Tithes: Causa 13
- The Law of Marriage Formation
- Gratian and Natural Law
- From Bologna to Chiusi
It has long been a common-place among medieval historians that there was something special about the 12th century.1 This was a pivotal moment in European history and religion, when many of the institutions and structures came into place that, for better or for worse, characterize the rest of the Middle Ages and Modernity: universities, administrati...
Unfortunately, we do not know as much as we would like about the person Gratian. Contemporary sources contain practically no biographical information about him, while the fame of his book ensured that a veritable flora of myths and legends arose within a few decades of his death. Many still believe that he was a monk in an identifiable monastery in...
An example will illustrate how Gratian applied the scholastic methods, and this particular example will also tell us something about what happened in his class room. Gratian structured his work in an odd way, as is perhaps not surprising for a pioneering scholastic work. He organized most of it around 36 ‘cases’ (causae), each of which Gratian intr...
We may or may not think it important to know which church receives which tithes, although this was the kind of issue that often led to contentious and long-lasting litigation in the Middle Ages. A famous example is the centuries-long dispute between the bishops of Siena and Arezzo about their diocesan boundary.28 For our present purposes, however, ...
Gratian had a similar influence in field after field of canon law. He synthesized many disparate laws from the first millennium of church history, using the same scholastic methods that I have exemplified, and usually ending up with a synthesis that became, in its essential outlines, valid for the future, in many cases still in modern law. His synt...
We may perhaps imagine that Gratian remained an increasingly important person as the most prominent teacher of canon law at Europe’s foremost law school in Bologna. That would, however, be to apply an anachronistic perspective. To be an ever so famous professor in a medieval university was in fact not a good job, and certainly not a lucrative one i...
- Anders Winroth
- 2021
The Decretum Gratiani, also known as the Concordia discordantium canonum or Concordantia discordantium canonum or simply as the Decretum, is a collection of canon law compiled and written in the 12th century as a legal textbook by the jurist known as Gratian.
Jun 8, 2018 · Gratian (died ca. 1155) is known as the father of canon law. His book on the laws of the Catholic Church revolutionized the study of canon law and was the single greatest authority on the subject until the 20th century. Gratian was a monk in the Camaldolese congregation of the Order of St. Benedict.
Winroth and others have interpreted Gratian’s dictum at the beginning of Question Six as being proof of St. Gall’s being an abbreviation.45 They assume that the abbreviator fell asleep and forgot that he had omitted Pope Nicholas’s canon and also that he had eliminated Urban’s canons immediately after Nicholas’s.
The Breaking of Gratian’s Decretum. One of the enduring questions about Gratian’s Decretum is the relative darth of surviving manuscripts of what must have been one of the most popular and necessary law books of the medieval period.
