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Oct 5, 2020 · The partnership between anemones and clownfish is known as mutualism as it provides benefits to both animals. Learn more here!
Oct 16, 2023 · The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones isn’t just passive; it’s a two-way partnership. Clownfish actively contribute to the welfare of their host anemone by removing debris and detritus, which keeps the anemone’s tentacles clean and functional.
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Jun 18, 2020 · In return for a safe and protective home, the clownfish benefits the anemone in several important ways. These include cleaning the anemone, providing nutrients in the form of waste, and scaring away predatory fish such as the butterflyfish.
Feb 27, 2013 · The partnership between clownfish and sea anemones is one of the most iconic in the animal world. Unlike in Pixar’s film Finding Nemo, clownfish seldom stray far from their anemone....
- Clownfish and Sea Anemone Rearing
- Host Microbiota and Water Sampling
- DNA Extraction, Libraries Preparation, and 16S Amplicon Sequencing
- Reads De-Noising and Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV) Identification
- Taxonomic Annotation
- ASV Abundance Table Normalization Processing
- ANOSIM
- Alpha Diversity Metrics
- Beta Diversity Metrics
- Detection of Differentially Abundant ASVS
Eighteen Heteractis magnifica and 18 captive bred naïve A. percula juveniles from a tropical fish distributer (Reef Solution, Laval, Qc, Canada; no prior contact with anemone) were acclimated in four recirculated aquatic systems (RAS) during three weeks in 20-L tanks with separated water flow to avoid any chemical contact prior to the experiment. H...
Seven sampling steps were as follow: T0, at the end of a 3-week acclimation period; T1, after the first 15 min of physical interaction between clownfish and anemone (PI), 15 min after transfer of fish to the recirculation system containing anemones (RI), and immediately in both control groups; T2 and T3, respectively 1 and 2 weeks after initial int...
DNA extraction of epithelial mucus from clownfish and sea anemone, as well as 0.22 μm membranes from water samples, was performed using the Qiagen® Blood and Tissue Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fragment V3–V4 of the 16S rRNA was amplified in a two-step dual-indexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach specifically desig...
Bioinformatics’ processing was undertaken using dada2 as reported in . A total of 4,770,388 raw reads were quality filtered with a truncation to 270 base pairs. Before proceeding further, we assessed the quality of the sequence data. We observed a better taxonomic accuracy with the forward reads covering the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Recent s...
Taxonomic annotation of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was performed by using blastn matches NCBI “16S Microbial” database. As the NCBI database for 16S sequences is updated more frequently than other sources , it matched our requirements for exhaustive information about lesser-known taxa, while minimizing ambiguous annotations. Matches above 99...
From the initial ASV abundance table supplied by dada2, two normalized tables were made for downstream analyses. A relative abundance normalized table was constructed and used in the following analyses: ANOSIM, alpha diversity and beta diversity. This normalization was made to produce relative abundance tables by dividing amplicon counts by the tot...
Initial overall testing for phylogenetic structure dynamics in bacterioplankton with respect to our experimental conditions was done using the ANOSIM method from the R “vegan” package (v2.5.6). All five possible conditions (Control Fish/Control Anemone/Physical/Remote), and all 6 time points were used. The test was permuted 999 times, and p values ...
Simpson index was calculated using the R “vegan” package (v2.5.6). For the Faith PD index, the sequences were first aligned using the R “DECIPHER” package (v2.10.2) using − 16 to − 18 for gap opening penalties and − 1 to − 2 for gap extension penalties. Aligned sequences were then used with the R “phangorn” package (v2.5.5) to generate a phylogenet...
GUniFrac distance comparison
Generalized UniFrac (GUniFrac) distance analyses were performed with the following sample description: Control/Interaction groups and six times (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). GUnifrac distance matrices were calculated using the same above-mentioned phylogenetic tree and the R “GUnifrac” package (v1.1) with an alpha parameter of 0.5, as recommended by the package authors. The distance matrix was then split to separate each condition (Control/Physical/Remote) in order to allow for the plotting and c...
Other beta diversity metrics
GUniFrac distances were nonetheless compared with Mantel tests to commonly used non-phylogenetic indices such as ThetaYC, Bray and Curtis and the Jaccard distance. The ThetaYC index is a function of species proportions from both the shared and non-shared species. In addition, in the ThetaYC index, the shared species proportions in each community are compared one-to-one (instead of a sum of the abundances of all shared species in the Bray–Curtis index, which gives no indication on which specie...
Two differential abundance analyses were performed with the R “DESeq2” package (v1.22.2). The first analysis aimed to identify high-impact ASVs that responded with a strong statistical signal to physical/remote interactions. To do so, de novo ASV abundances (i.e. ASV determined by DADA2 without regard to taxonomic annotation) in clownfish and anemo...
- Audet-Gilbert Émie, Sylvain François-Étienne, Bouslama Sidki, Derome Nicolas
- 2021
Aug 11, 2024 · When it comes to the world of marine biology, the relationship between clownfish and anemones is one of the most fascinating and intricate partnerships in the animal kingdom. In this very special bond, both species benefit in ways that are both surprising and mutually beneficial.
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Oct 19, 2023 · The symbiotic relationship between an anemone (Heteractis magnifica) and a clownfish (Amphiron ocellaris) is a classic example of two organisms benefiting the other; the anemone provides the clownfish with protection and shelter, while the clownfish provides the anemone nutrients in the form of waste while also scaring off potential predator fish.
