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The use of quotation marks, also called inverted commas, is very slightly complicated by the fact that there are two types: single quotes ( ` ') and double quotes ( " " ).
- Design Philosophy
- Keywords
- Indentation
- Data Structures
- Literals
- Operators
- Functional Programming
- Objects
- Exceptions
- Comments and docstrings
Python was designed to be a highly readable language. It has a relatively uncluttered visual layout and uses English keywords frequently where other languages use punctuation. Python aims to be simple and consistent in the design of its syntax, encapsulated in the mantra "There should be one— and preferably only one —obvious way to do it", from the...
Python has 35 keywords or reserved words; they cannot be used as identifiers. In addition, Python also has 3 soft keywords. Unlike regular hard keywords, soft keywords are reserved words only in the limited contexts where interpreting them as keywords would make syntactic sense. These words can be used as identifiers elsewhere; You can define a fun...
Python uses whitespace to delimit control flow blocks (following the off-side rule). Python borrows this feature from its predecessor ABC: instead of punctuation or keywords, it uses indentation to indicate the run of a block. In so-called "free-format" languages—that use the block structure derived from ALGOL—blocks of code are set off with braces...
Since Python is a dynamically-typed language, Python values, not variables, carry type information. All variables in Python hold references to objects, and these references are passed to functions. Some people (including Guido van Rossum himself) have called this parameter-passing scheme "call by object reference". An object reference means a name,...
Strings
Python has various kinds of string literals.
Numbers
Numeric literals in Python are of the normal sort, e.g. 0, -1, 3.4, 3.5e-8. Python has arbitrary-length integers and automatically increases their storage size as necessary. Prior to Python 3, there were two kinds of integral numbers: traditional fixed size integers and "long" integers of arbitrary size. The conversion to "long" integers was performed automatically when required, and thus the programmer usually didn't have to be aware of the two integral types. In newer language versions the...
Lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries
Python has syntactic support for the creation of container types. Lists (class list) are mutable sequences of items of arbitrary types, and can be created either with the special syntax or using normal object creation Tuples (class tuple) are immutable sequences of items of arbitrary types. There is also a special syntax to create tuples Although tuples are created by separating items with commas, the whole construct is usually wrapped in parentheses to increase readability. An empty tuple is...
Arithmetic
Python includes the +, -, *, / ("true division"), // (floor division), % (modulus), and ** (exponentiation) operators, with their usual mathematical precedence. In Python 3, x / y performs "true division", meaning that it always returns a float, even if both x and yare integers that divide evenly. and // performs integer division or floor division, returning the floor of the quotient as an integer. In Python 2 (and most other programming languages), unless explicitly requested, x / y performe...
Comparison operators
The comparison operators, i.e. ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=, is, is not, in and not in are used on all manner of values. Numbers, strings, sequences, and mappings can all be compared. In Python 3, disparate types (such as a str and an int) do not have a consistent relative ordering. While it was possible to compare whether some string was greater-than or less-than some integer in Python 2, this was considered a historical design quirk and was ultimately removed in Python 3. Chained comparison express...
Logical operators
In all versions of Python, boolean operators treat zero values or empty values such as "", 0, None, 0.0, , and {} as false, while in general treating non-empty, non-zero values as true. The boolean values True and False were added to the language in Python 2.2.1 as constants (subclassed from 1 and 0) and were changed to be full blown keywords in Python 3. The binary comparison operators such as == and > return either True or False. The boolean operators and and or use minimal evaluation. Fo...
As mentioned above, another strength of Python is the availability of a functional programmingstyle. As may be expected, this makes working with lists and other collections much more straightforward.
Python supports most object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. It allows polymorphism, not only within a class hierarchy but also by duck typing. Any object can be used for any type, and it will work so long as it has the proper methods and attributes. And everything in Python is an object, including classes, functions, numbers and modules. Pyt...
Python supports (and extensively uses) exception handlingas a means of testing for error conditions and other "exceptional" events in a program. Python style calls for the use of exceptions whenever an error condition might arise. Rather than testing for access to a file or resource before actually using it, it is conventional in Python to just go ...
Python has two ways to annotate Python code. One is by using comments to indicate what some part of the code does. Single-line comments begin with the hash character (#) and continue until the end of the line. Comments spanning more than one line are achieved by inserting a multi-line string (with """ or '''as the delimiter on each end) that is not...
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
The prime symbol ′, double prime symbol ″, triple prime symbol ‴, and quadruple prime symbol ⁗ are used to designate units and for other purposes in mathematics, science, linguistics and music.
Python’s main control structures are if-else conditional statements and loops. Conditional Statements : Python uses if , elif (stands for 'else if'), and else keywords for conditional...
Mar 22, 2024 · It's very straightforward code that goes straight to the point: it takes care only of the curly brackets and what's inside. You'll have noticed that here, the switch format_quote has an important...
Feb 27, 2024 · Mastering 100 Python F-Strings from Basic to Advanced, Novel Tricks and Cheat Sheets. 468. 9. Ravi M. mARK bLOORE ...
