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Form 1096 (officially the "Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns" [1]) is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax form used in the United States used to summarize information returns being sent to the IRS. Information returns are sent by the issuer to recipients as well as the IRS, but Form 1096 is not sent to the recipients ...
October – Robert II ( Curthose ), duke of Normandy (a brother of King William II ), sets off to join the First Crusade. He assembles his army at Pontarlier – and travels through Italy to Rome. To raise money for the Crusade Robert mortgages the Norman duchy to William, for the sum of 10,000 pennies.
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- Background
- Folkmar and Gottschalk
- Emicho
- Later Attacks on Jews
- Catholic Church Response
- Jewish Reactions
- Bibliography
- External Links
The preaching of the First Crusade inspired an outbreak of anti-Jewish violence. In parts of France and Germany, Jews were perceived as just as much of an enemy as Muslims: they were held responsible for the crucifixion, and they were more immediately visible than the distant Muslims. Many people wondered why they should travel thousands of miles t...
In the spring of 1096, a number of small bands of knights and peasants, inspired by the preaching of the Crusade, set off from various parts of France and Germany (Worms and Cologne). The crusade of the priest Folkmar, beginning in Saxony, persecuted Jews in Magdeburg and later, on May 30, 1096, in Prague in Bohemia. The Catholic Bishop Cosmas atte...
The largest of these crusades, and the most involved in attacking Jews, was that led by Count Emicho. Setting off in the early summer of 1096, an army of around 10,000 men, women and children proceeded through the Rhine valley, towards the Main River and then to the Danube. Emicho was joined by William the Carpenter and Drogo of Nesle, among others...
Later in 1096, Godfrey of Bouillon also collected tribute from the Jews in Mainz and Cologne, and would have participated in pogroms himself if he had not been ordered by Henry IV not to do so. Saint Louis University Professor Thomas F. Madden, author of A Concise History of the Crusades, claims the Jewish defenders of Jerusalem retreated to their ...
The massacre of the Rhineland Jews by the People's Crusade and other associated persecutions were condemned by the leaders and officials of the Catholic Church. The Church and its members had previously carried out policies to protect the presence of Jews in Christian culture. For example, the twenty-five letters regarding the Jews of Pope Gregory ...
News of the attacks spread quickly and reached the Jewish communities in and around Jerusalem long before the crusaders themselves arrived. However, Jews were not systematically killed in Jerusalem, despite being caught up in the general indiscriminate violence caused by the crusaders once they reached the city. The Hebrew chronicles portray the Rh...
Primary
1. Charny, Israel W. (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. ISBN 978-1560001720. 2. Chazan, Robert (1987). European Jewry and the First Crusade. University of California Press. 3. Chazan, Robert (1996). In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0827606326. 4. Claster, Jill N. (2009). Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442600607. 5. Cohen, Jeremy (2004). Sanctifying The Name...
Secondary sources
1. (Hebrew) Yom Tov Assis; Geremi Cohen; Ora Limor; Aharon Kedar; Michael Toch, eds. (2000). Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography. Jerusalem.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) 2. Robert Chazan (2000). God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First-Crusade Narratives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520221277. 3. Chazan, Robert (1996). In the Year 1096: The Jews and the First Crusade. Philadelphia: J...
Journal articles
1. Eidelberg, Shlomo (1999). "The First Crusade and the persecutions of 1096: a recollection for their 900th anniversary". Medieval Ashkenazic History. 2. Eidelberg, Shlomo (1996). "The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades". History. KTAV Publishing House Inc. ISBN 978-0881255416. 3. Gabriele, Matthew (2007). Michael Frassetto (ed.). "Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade". Christian A...
Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura: Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews.The Jewish Encyclopedia: The CrusadesWho Was Count Emicho? by Dr. Henry Abramson- 1096, 4856 (by the Hebrew calendar)
- People's Crusade
Nov 17, 2023 · Form 1096, or the "Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns," is crucial for the IRS’s collection of non-wage income data. It consolidates information from a number of forms, such as Form 1099, Form 1099-MISC (for independent contractors), Form 1097, Form 1098 (mortgage interest statements), and Form 5498 (IRA contributions).
Jan 22, 2024 · The 1096 form, also known as the Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns, is a document that summarizes the information from various informational returns, such as the 1099-MISC and 1099-INT forms, and is sent to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Information about Form 1096, Annual Summary and Transmittal of U.S. Information Returns, including recent updates, related forms and instructions on how to file. Form 1096 is used by filers of paper Forms 1099, 1098, 5498, and W-2G to transmit copies to IRS (not used to transmit electronically).
