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1200 BC: the first civilization in Central and North America develops in about 1200 BC in the coastal regions of the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico. Known as the Olmec civilization, its early site is at San Lorenzo. 1200 BC: the Phoenicians found the port of Lisbon, Portugal.
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). [citation needed] The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the ...
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- Collapse
- Recovery
- Possible Causes
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Cultural destruction
The half century between c.1200 and 1150 BC saw the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Kassites in Babylonia, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and the Levant, and the New Kingdom of Egypt, as well as the destruction of Ugarit and the Amorite states in the Levant, the fragmentation of the Luwian states of western Anatolia, and a period of chaos in Canaan. The deterioration of these governments interrupted trade routes and led to severely reduced literacyin much of this area. Only a...
City destruction
Initially historians believed that in the first phase of this period, almost every city between Pylos and Gaza was violently destroyed, and many were abandoned, including Hattusa, Mycenae, and Ugarit, with Robert Drewsclaiming that, "Within a period of forty to fifty years at the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the twelfth century, almost every significant city in the eastern Mediterranean world was destroyed, many of them never to be occupied again." However more recent research h...
Causes
Various explanations for the collapse have been proposed, including climatic changes (such as drought or effects of volcanic eruptions), invasions by groups such as the Sea Peoples, effects of the spread of iron metallurgy, developments in military weapons and tactics, and a variety of failures of political, social and economic systems, but none has achieved consensus. It is likely that a combination of several of these factors is responsible.
Gradually, by the end of the ensuing Dark Age, remnants of the Hittites coalesced into small Syro-Hittite states in Cilicia and in the Levant, where the new states were composed of mixed Hittite and Aramean polities. Beginning in the mid-10th century BC, a series of small Aramean kingdoms formed in the Levant, and the Philistines settled in souther...
Various theories have been put forward as possible contributors to the collapse, many of them mutually compatible.
Ancient History at CurlieNPR Throughline podcast: The Aftermath of Collapse: Bronze Age Edition (2021)Jan 22, 2023 · Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,400,000 square kilometres (4,010,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface. The only continent smaller than Europe is Australia. In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (after Asia and Africa) with a population of some 710,000,000 or about 11% ...
'Amalgamated Map of the Great Ming Empire') world map, likely made in the late 14th or the 15th century, shows China at the centre and Europe, half-way round the globe, depicted very small and horizontally compressed at the edge. The coast of Africa is also mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area.
Ancient Egypt. Turin Papyrus Map (c. 1150 BC) Cartography of Europe. Carta Pisana (13th century) Corbitis Atlas (late 14th century collection of portolan charts) Early Chinese cartography. Da Ming Hunyi Tu (late 14th century Ming dynasty Chinese map) Maps of Russia. Godunov map (1667)
Europe 12th Century (452K) "Europe during the 12th Century The Age of the Crusades" with inset map "The Christian States in the East in 1142" from An Historical Atlas Containing a Chronological Series of One Hundred and Four Maps, at Successive Periods, from the Dawn of History to the Present Day by Robert H. Labberton, sixth edition, 1884.
