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The early seventeenth century in Europe has often been regarded as a period during which a single general crisis afflicted the entire continent to some degree, affecting the economy, demography and the political stability of most countries. The idea of a “General Crisis” or just a “Crisis” of the seventeenth century was formulated by Eric
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1/20/2018 Chapter 7: 17th Century European Crisis: Economic, Social and Political Dimensions 17th Century European Crisis: Economic, Social and Political Dimensions 7.3 Historiographical Interpretations In historiography the 17th century in Europe is usually portrayed both as a time of war and crisis, social unrest and civil resistance, and as ...
- Aisha Ch
- Nathan Nunna,b
- 3.2 The benefits of cultural evolution
- 3.3 Insights from a recognition of history as evolution
- 3.3.2.1 Innovation and the collective brain
- 3.3.3 How and why history matters
- + (1 − x)ΠE(x).
- 3.5 Conclusions
aHarvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States bCanadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
The standard definition of ‘culture’ from evolutionary anthropology defines culture as the knowledge, technology, values, beliefs, and norms that can be transmitted across generations and between indi-viduals (e.g., Boyd and Richerson, 1985). There are numerous examples of cultural traits that vary by context: religious/supernatural beliefs, views ...
I now turn to a discussion of how an evolutionary framework provides a range of insights relevant for economics. At this point, a few caveats are in order. Although I have organized these insights into subsections, the ideas do not necessarily flow from one subsection to the next. These should be thought of as disparate insights that have come to m...
To drive home the similarity of cultural transmission and knowledge accumulation, both empirically and theoretically, I will compare two ways of thinking about knowledge. One will be familiar to the reader and is at the center of endogenous growth theory. The other, which will be less familiar, is from evolutionary anthropology and emphasizes the f...
As we have noted, an important aspect of cultural evolution is that it is cumulative. As with biological evolution, the benefit of any possible mutation (and what the optimal next improvement is) depends on the current state of the organism and the environment. In addition, progress must be made in a series of incremental steps (one is not able to ...
Given this dynamic, which formalizes the notion that cultural evolution is incremental and cumu-lative, a number of insights emerge. The first is that one of the three Nash equilibria above is unstable. This is the equilibrium marked xB. It is straightforward to verify that a slight change in x either above or below xB will generate movements in x ...
In this chapter, I provided an overview of the insights that emerge when history is viewed through an evolutionary lens. The first part of the chapter discussed the theory and empirical evidence for the benefits of cultural evolution. The primary advantage of culture is that it allows one to conserve on in-formation acquisition costs and to tap int...
Recent Work in Seventeenth-Century Economic Thought. During the Stuart era, theorists, merchants, government officials, and everyday Englishmen and women tried to understand the rapid shifts in their economy. Such inquiry changed perceptions of how the economy worked. This article explores recent scholarship on economic thought in the Stuart era.
powerfully how we will all eventually live if economic growth continues. 2 . Anyone who has visited the British Museum or the Sistine Chapel, for ex ample, has had a foretaste of the relentless tide of tourism set to be unleashed on the world by another few decades of strong economic growth. 3 . Even the
