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In the 19th century, the connection between heat and mechanical energy was established quantitatively by Julius Robert von Mayer and James Prescott Joule, who measured the mechanical equivalent of heat in the 1840s. In 1849, Joule published results from his series of experiments (including the paddlewheel experiment) which show that heat is a ...
Ireland was part of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1922. For almost all of this period, the island was governed by the UK Parliament in London through its Dublin Castle administration in Ireland. Ireland underwent considerable difficulties in the 19th century, especially the Great Famine of the 1840s which started a population decline that ...
The term " century of humiliation " is used to describe the period in Chinese history beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842), and ending in 1945 with China established as a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council or alternately the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
D. Elmslie William Dallas. Robert Dampier. Charles Davidson (watercolour painter) Mary Davis (artist) Alexander Day (artist) Walter Deverell. Margaret Isabel Dicksee. Sarah Drake.
Johann Caspar Aiblinger. Carl Almenräder. Princess Amalie of Saxony. August Ferdinand Anacker. Johann Anton André. Karl Anschütz. Bettina von Arnim. Carl Arnold (composer) Johann Gottfried Arnold.
Thomas Baker (musician) Willem Victor Bartholomeus. Karl Beck (tenor) Carl Ferdinand Becker. Jan George Bertelman. William Richard Bexfield. Tanburi Büyük Osman Bey. Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki. Stanislav Binički.
Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "liberation war" ensued.Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced ...