Search results
Percent-encoding. URL encoding, officially known as percent-encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a uniform resource identifier (URI) using only the US-ASCII characters legal within a URI. Although it is known as URL encoding, it is also used more generally within the main Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) set, which includes both ...
ル・モンド20世紀の100冊 （ル・モンド20せいきのひゃくさつ、 仏: Les cent livres du siècle ）は、1999年に フランス の 小売業者 フナック 及び パリ の 新聞社 ル・モンド が実施した 世論調査 による ブック・ランキング である。. 本屋やジャーナリストの推薦で ...
其中计划对价值30亿美元的美国产水果、猪肉、葡萄酒、无缝钢管和另外100多种商品征收关税。2018年4月2日，中国对原产于美国的7类128项进口商品中止关税减让义务，在现行适用关税税率基础上加征关税。 征税发起 美国俄亥俄州的一处大豆仓储设施。
- 2018年3月22日– 至今（5年5个月又28天）
- 全世界
- 进行中
Design criteria. The Rijndael S-box was specifically designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis. This was done by minimizing the correlation between linear transformations of input/output bits, and at the same time minimizing the difference propagation probability. The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher ...
二十世紀の豫言. 『 二十世紀の豫言 』（にじっせいきのよげん、二十世紀の予言）は、『 報知新聞 』が 1901年 （明治34年） 1月2日 と 3日 の2日にわたって同紙紙面に掲載した未来予測記事の題名である。. 記事は、電気通信、運輸、軍事、医療、防災などの ...
- Design
- Internal Workings
- History
- Use in Education
- Personal Computers
- Calculators Compared to Computers
- See Also
- References
- Further Reading
- External Links
Input
Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain "00" and "000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button; however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations.
Display output
Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements. Large-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually a point rather than a comma) instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display. Fractions such as 1⁄3 are di...
Memory
Calculators also have the ability to save numbers into computer memory. Basic calculators usually store only one number at a time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables. Usually these variables are named ans or ans(0). The variables can also be used for constructing formulas. Some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the extended memory address is termed an arrayindex.
In general, a basic electroniccalculator consists of the following components: 1. Power source (mains electricity, battery and/or solar cell) 2. Keypad (input device) – consists of keys used to input numbers and function commands (addition, multiplication, square-root, etc.) 3. Display panel (output device) – displays input numbers, commands and re...
Precursors to the electronic calculator
The first known tools used to aid arithmetic calculations were: bones (used to tally items), pebbles, and counting boards, and the abacus, known to have been used by Sumerians and Egyptians before 2000 BC. Except for the Antikythera mechanism (an "out of the time" astronomical device), development of computing tools arrived near the start of the 17th century: the geometric-military compass (by Galileo), logarithms and Napier bones (by Napier), and the slide rule (by Edmund Gunter). The Renais...
Development of electronic calculators
The first mainframe computers, initially using vacuum tubes and later transistorsin the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s. Electronic circuits developed for computers also had application to electronic calculators. The Casio Computer Company, in Japan, released the Model 14-A calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric (relatively) compact calculator. It did not use electronic logic but was based on relay technology, and was built into a desk. The IBM 608 plugbo...
1970s to mid-1980s
The electronic calculators of the mid-1960s were large and heavy desktop machines due to their use of hundreds of transistors on several circuit boards with a large power consumption that required an AC power supply. There were great efforts to put the logic required for a calculator into fewer and fewer integrated circuits (chips) and calculator electronics was one of the leading edges of semiconductor development. U.S. semiconductor manufacturers led the world in large scale integration (LS...
In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. There was some[by whom?] initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic or elementary arithmetic skills would suffer.[citation needed] There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations in the head, with some curricula restricting calculator use u...
Personal computers often come with a calculator utility program that emulates the appearance and functions of a calculator, using the graphical user interface to portray a calculator. Examples include the Windows Calculator, Apple's Calculator, and KDE's KCalc. Most personal data assistants (PDAs) and smartphonesalso have such a feature.
The fundamental difference between a calculator and computer is that a computer can be programmed in a way that allows the program to take different branches according to intermediate results, while calculators are pre-designed with specific functions (such as addition, multiplication, and logarithms) built in. The distinction is not clear-cut: som...
Sources
1. Chapman, S. (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. London. 150 (3809): 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0. 2. Hamrick, Kathy B. (October 1996). "The History of the Hand-Held Electronic Calculator". The American Mathematical Monthly. 103 (8): 633–639. doi:10.2307/2974875. JSTOR 2974875. 3. Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0. 4. Marguin, Jean...
U.S. patent 2,668,661 – Complex computer – G. R. Stibitz, Bell Laboratories, 1954 (filed 1941, refiled 1944), electromechanical (relay) device that could calculate complex numbers, record, and prin...U.S. patent 3,819,921 – Miniature electronic calculator – J. S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, 1974 (originally filed 1967), handheld (45 ounces (1.3 kg)) battery operated electronic device with thermal...U.S. patent 5,623,433 – Extended Numerical Keyboard with Structured Data-Entry Capability – J. H. Redin, 1997 (originally filed 1996), Usage of Verbal Numerals as a way to enter a number.The Museum of HP calculators (Slide Rules and Mechanical Calculators section)日立 世界・ふしぎ発見! 日立 の一社提供→ 日立グループ の単独提供で放送。. 『 日立 世界・ふしぎ発見! 』（ひたち せかい・ふしぎはっけん、 英語: Discovery of the World's Mysteries ）は、 1986年 （ 昭和 61年） 4月19日 [4] から 2024年 （ 令和 6年） 3月30日 まで TBS ...
