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Antonin Gregory Scalia (/ ˌ æ n t ə n ɪ n s k ə ˈ l iː ə / ⓘ; March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016.
- Overview
- Education and early career
- Judicial philosophy
Antonin Scalia (born March 11, 1936, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.—died February 13, 2016, Shafter, Texas) associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2016, well known for his strong legal conservatism. He was the first Supreme Court justice of Italian ancestry.
Scalia’s father, a Sicilian immigrant, taught Romance languages at Brooklyn College, and his Italian American mother taught elementary school. Scalia attended a Roman Catholic high school in New York City and graduated at the top of his class from Georgetown University (A.B., 1957) in Washington, D.C. He attended Harvard Law School, where he edited the prestigious Harvard Law Review and graduated in 1960. He then worked for a law firm in Cleveland, Ohio (1961–67), before moving to Charlottesville, Virginia, where he taught at the University of Virginia School of Law (1967–74). During his tenure at Virginia, he served the federal government as general counsel to the Office of Telecommunications Policy (1971–72) and as chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States (1972–74). In 1974 Scalia left academia to serve as assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Scalia resumed his academic career at Georgetown University (1977) and the University of Chicago Law School (1977–82). For part of the latter period he served as editor of Regulation, a review published by the conservative American Enterprise Institute. In 1982 President Ronald Reagan nominated him to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Nominated by Reagan to the Supreme Court in 1986, he won unanimous confirmation in the U.S. Senate.
An opponent of so-called “judicial activism,” the alleged tendency of some judges to usurp the power of elected legislatures by making the law rather than merely interpreting it, Scalia favoured a restrained judiciary, deference to the original public meanings of legislative and constitutional texts, and a limited role for the federal government. Scalia admonished judges whom he viewed as insufficiently committed to a well-developed judicial philosophy, a failure he believed would invite judging that was improperly based on personal preferences and biases. For his own part, Scalia endorsed fixed-meaning modes of interpretation: “originalism” in cases involving the Constitution and “textualism” (a method that he helped to establish) in cases involving statutory interpretation. According to these approaches, the meaning of a legal text should be determined not by examining the intentions or purposes of the drafters (even when these are well documented) but rather by consulting the common understanding of the terms in which the text was written at the time it went into effect. According to Scalia, for example, the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of “cruel and unusual punishment” cannot be interpreted as inconsistent with capital punishment, because death was a common punishment for felonies when the Bill of Rights was ratified (1791). For Scalia, such interpretive methods were essential to minimizing the judiciary’s role in resolving matters that should be left to democratic processes.
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Scalia’s jurisprudence inspired volumes of criticism from other judges and legal scholars who argued that drawing bright lines on the basis of a strict reading of legal texts amounted to a rejection of the art and craft of good judging. Critics also complained that the historicism required by Scalia’s methods did not identify a single best interpretation any more readily than other approaches and consequently left just as much room for judges to base decisions on personal beliefs. Thus, whereas Scalia’s majority opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) found that Washington, D.C.’s ban on handguns was unconstitutional because the original meaning of the text of the Second Amendment protected an individual right to bear arms independent of service in a state militia, Justice John Paul Stevens’s dissenting opinion relied on a similar historical analysis to draw exactly the opposite conclusion. Scalia did not deny the validity of such critiques, but he argued that his approach was nevertheless superior to any other method at reducing inappropriate influences on judges’ decisions.
Scalia was known for his generally conservative legal opinions. He consistently favoured gun rights, state support of religion, and states’ rights while opposing abortion rights, affirmative action, and civil rights protections for historically disadvantaged groups. In a time of rapidly changing public views regarding the morality and legality of same-sex relationships, Scalia also clearly and consistently proclaimed that the Constitution afforded no protections on the basis of sexual orientation. He was frequently criticized for his perceived insensitivity and even hostility toward homosexuals. One such opinion that drew widespread condemnation was his dissent in Lawrence v. Texas (2003), in which the court had struck down a Texas antisodomy law as an unconstitutional invasion of privacy. Reading from the bench (to emphasize the importance of his opinion), Scalia accused his colleagues of having “taken sides in the culture war” and of having “signed on to the so-called homosexual agenda.”
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Apr 2, 2014 · Antonin Scalia was a lawyer, an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and a conservative legal thinker. He was known for his blunt and witty dissents, his originalist interpretation of the Constitution, and his role in the conservative majority of the court. Learn about his life, education, family, legal career and legacy.
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Feb 13, 2016 · Feb. 13, 2016. Justice Antonin Scalia, whose transformative legal theories, vivid writing and outsize personality made him a leader of a conservative intellectual renaissance in his three...
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- Adam Liptak
Feb 13, 2016 · The influential conservative and provocative member of the Supreme Court passed away in 2016, leaving a vacancy that sparked a political battle over his successor. Read about his life, career, opinions and legacy on the court.
Feb 13, 2016 · Antonin Scalia, the animated proponent of originalism and structural constitutionalism, was born on March 11, 1936 in Trenton, New Jersey. His father, Salvatore Eugene, was an Italian immigrant who later became a professor at Brooklyn College while his mother, Catherine Panaro, was born to Italian immigrants in Trenton and was a primary school teacher.
Feb 15, 2016 · Antonin Scalia, a supreme court justice who has died aged 79, relished his position as a bulwark resisting the social changes sweeping America over a generation. The former law professor was...
