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Buluqhan Khatun (Chinese: 卜鲁罕; Mongolian: ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠠᠨ, lit. 'Sable'), also Bulughan , Bulukhan , Bolgana , Bulugan , Zibeline or Bolghara [1] for Marco Polo , was a 13th-century Mongol princess, and the principal wife of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa (1234–1282).
- 1265–1286
- Doquz Khatun
Buluqhan Khatun, also Bulughan, Bulukhan, Bolgana, Bulugan, Zibeline or Bolghara for Marco Polo, was a 13th-century Mongol princess, and the principal wife of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa (1234–1282).
Buluqhan Khatun (died ca. 1286) (lit. "Queen Buluqhan"), also Bulughan, Bulukhan, Bolgana, Bulugan, or Zibeline for Marco Polo (Chinese language|Chinese: 卜鲁罕), was a 13th-century Mongol princess, and the principal wife of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Abagha (1234–1282).
Bulugan or Bulukhan (Mongolian: Булган хатан, ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ; Chinese: 卜魯罕) was a Mongol princess, the consort of Yuan emperor Temür Khan (r. 1294–1307). Bulugan acted as regent for her ill husband and virtually ruled the empire.
- Torgus Küregen
- Temür Khan
- 1299–1307
- Zhenge
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- Childhood
- Rule in Khorasan
- Early Reign
- Later Reign
- End of Reign
- Legacy
- Family
- References
Ghazan's parents were Arghun and his concubine Kultak Egechi of the Dörböd. At the time of their marriage, Arghun was 12. Kultak's elder sister Ashlun was the wife of Tübshin, son of Hulagu and the previous viceroy in Greater Khorasan. According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the marriage took place in Mazandaran, where Arghun was viceroy. Ghazan was b...
Under Arghun
After the overthrow of Tekuder in 1284, Ghazan's father Arghun was enthroned as il khan, the 11-year-old Ghazan became viceroy, and he moved to the capital of Khorasan, never to see Arghun again. Emir Tegene was appointed as his deputy, whom he didn't like very much. In 1289, conflict with other Mongols ensued when a revolt was led against Arghun by Nawruz, a young emir of the Oirat clan, whose father had been civil governor of Persia before the arrival of Hulegu. Ghazan's deputy Tegene was a...
Under Gaykhatu
When his father, Arghun, died in 1291, Ghazan was prevented from pursuing his claim of leadership in the capital because he was engaged both with Nawruz's raids, and dealing with rebellion and famine in Khorasan and Nishapur. Taghachar, an army commander who had served the previous three generations of il khans, was probably behind the death of Arghun, and supported Ghazan's uncle Gaykhatu as the new il khan. Despite being boyhood rivals, Gaykhatu sent aid to Ghazan's fight against Nawruz in...
Against Baydu
In 1295, Taghachar and his conspirators, who probably had been behind the death of Arghun, had his successor Gaykhatu killed as well. They then placed the controllable Baydu, a cousin of Ghazan, on the throne. Baydu was primarily a figurehead, allowing the conspirators to divide the Ilkhanate among themselves. Hearing Gaykhatu's murder, Ghazan marched on Baydu. Baydu explained the fact that Ghazan was away during events leading to Gaykhatu's fall, therefore nobles had no choice but to raise h...
Ghazan declared his victory after the execution of Baydu on the outskirts of Tabriz on 4 October 1295, he entered the city. After this declaration, several appointments, orders and executions came as usual - Gaykhatu's son Alafrang's son-in-law Eljidai Qushchi was executed, Nawrūz was rewarded with naʾibate of state and was given extreme power, aki...
In order to stabilize the country Ghazan attempted to control the situation and continued the executions - Taiju (son of Möngke Temür) on 15 April 1298 on charges of sedition, vizier Sadr ul-Din Zanjani on 4 May and his brother Qutb ul-Din and with cousin Qawam ul-Mulk on 3 June on charges of embezzlement, Abu Bakr Dadqabadi on 10 October. Ghazan a...
After military campaigns, Ghazan returned to his capital Ujan in July 1302 and made several appointments: Nirun Aqa and Öljaitü were reconfirmed in Arran and Khorasan as viceroys respectively, while Mulay was sent to Diyar Bakr and Qutluqshah was assigned to Georgia. He received a concubine from Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1302, who may be the Des...
Religious policy
As part of his conversion to Islam, Ghazan changed his first name to the Islamic Mahmud, and Islam gained popularity within Mongol territories. He showed tolerance for multiple religions, encouraged the original archaic Mongol culture to flourish, tolerated the shias, and respected the religions of his Georgian and Armenian vassals. Ghazan therefore continued his forefather's approach toward religious tolerance. When Ghazan learned that some Buddhist monks feigned conversion to Islam due to t...
Reforms
Ghazan was a man of high culture, with many hobbies including linguistics, agro-techniques, painting, and chemistry. According to the Byzantine historian Pachymeres (1242–1310): "No one surpassed him, in making saddles, bridles, spurs, greaves and helmets; he could hammer, stitch and polish, and in such occupations employed the hours of his leisure from war."Ghazan spoke numerous languages, including Chinese, Arabic, and "Frank" (probably Latin), as well as his own native language Mongolian....
Ghazan had ten wives, 6 of them being principal wives and one being concubine: 1. Yedi Kurtka Khatun — daughter of Möngke Temür Güregen (from Suldus tribe) and Tuglughshah Khatun (daughter of Qara Hülegü) 2. Bulughan Khatun Khurasani — daughter of Amir Tasu (from Eljigin clan of Khongirad) and Menglitegin, daughter of Arghun Aqa 2.1. A stillborn so...
Adh-Dhababi, Record of the Destruction of Damascus by the Mongols in 1299–1301 Translated by Joseph Somogyi. From: Ignace Goldziher Memorial Volume, Part 1, Online(English translation).Amitai, Reuven (1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 236–255.Barber, Malcolm (2001). The Trial of the Templars (2nd ed.). University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-67236-8.Encyclopædia Iranica, Article on Franco-Persian relations- Kultak Egechi
- Arghun
- 4 October 1295 – 11 May 1304
Despina Khatun — daughter of Michael VIII Palaiologos. Theodora Ara Qutlugh (Byzantine Greek: Θεοδώρα Ἀραχαντλούν) Buluqhan Khatun (died 20 April 1286) — a lady from the Bayaut tribe Malika Khatun — married to Toghan, son of Nogai Yarghuchi of Bayaut; Concubines: Bulughachin Aghachi; Qaitmish Egachi — a lady from the ...
Buluqhan Khatun (Chinese: 卜鲁罕; Mongolian: ᠪᠦᠯᠭᠠᠨ, lit. 'Sable'), also Bulughan, Bulukhan, Bolgana, Bulugan, Zibeline or Bolghara for Marco Polo, was a 13th-century Mongol princess, and the principal wife of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa (1234–1282).
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