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When the British took over Cephalonia in 1809, they proclaimed, "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as invaders, with views of conquest, but as allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection." When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the Treaty of Paris in 1815 as the independent United States of the Io

Sub-Saharan Africa

*protectorates which existed alongside a colony of the same name

As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, it becoming clear only after it was lifted. 1. Brunei 2. Emirate of Afghanistan 3. Bhutan 4. Kingdom of Nepal 5. Kingdom of Egypt 6. Federation of Malaya Federated Malay States Negeri Sembilan Sungai Ujong Jelebu Pahang Perak Selangor Unfede

Scottish missionary John Mackenzie, a Congregationalist of the London Missionary Society, who lived at Shoshong from 1862–76, "believed that the Ngwato and other African peoples with whom he worked were threatened by Boer freebooters encroaching on their territory from the south." He campaigned for the establishment of what became the Bechuanaland Protectorate, to be ruled directly from Britain. Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It is Mackenzie's account of events leading to the ...

The proclamation of a protectorate flanked by a new Crown colony to the south were primarily intended as safeguards against further expansion by Germany, Portugal, or Boers. Contrary to what was reported at the time by Warren and others, not all chiefs affected by the protectorate were in favour of it. The most powerful ruler was King Khama III, who had strong support from the British government, and was especially popular among evangelicals in Britain. He collaborated closely with the British m

The Bechuanaland Protectorate was one of the "High Commission Territories", the others being Basutoland and Swaziland. The High Commissioner had the authority of a governor. The office was first held by the governor of the Cape Colony, then by the Governor-General of South Africa, then by British High Commissioners and Ambassadors to South Africa until independence. In each of the three territories the administration was headed by a Resident Commissioner with approximately the same functions of

Bechuanaland postage stamps were issued from 1888 to 1966. Overprinted stamps were issued until 1932, when the first stamps inscribed "Bechuanaland Protectorate" were issued. On 14 February 1961 the South African rand was introduced, necessitating the surcharging of the existing definitive stamps until new ones were issued.

On 10 October 1938, when Czechoslovakia was forced to accept the terms of the Munich Agreement, Germany incorporated the Sudetenland, on the Czechoslovak border with Germany and Austria proper, with its majority of ethnic German inhabitants, directly into the Reich. Five months later, when, with German support, the Slovak parliament declared the independence of the Slovak Republic, Hitler summoned Czechoslovak President Emil Hácha to Berlin and intimidated him into accepting the German ...

The population of the protectorate was mobilized for labor that would aid the German war effort, and special offices were organized to supervise the management of industries important to that effort. The Germans drafted Czechs to work in coal mines, in the iron and steel industry, and in armaments production. Consumer-goods production, much diminished, was largely directed toward supplying the German armed forces. The protectorate's population was subjected to rationing. First issue of currency

After the establishment of the Protectorate all political parties were outlawed, with the exception of the National Partnership. This local Czech Fascist party was led by a ruling Presidium until 1942, after which a Vůdce for the party was appointed.

The area of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia contained about 7,380,000 inhabitants in 1940. 225,000 of these were of German origin, while the rest were mainly ethnic Czechs as well as some Slovaks, particularly near the border with Slovakia. Ethnic Germans were offered Reich citizenship, while Jews and Czechs were from the outset second-class citizens. In March 1939, Karl Frank defined a "German national" as: Whoever professes himself to be a member of the German nation is a member of the

Protectorate districts

For administrative purposes the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was divided into two Länder: Böhmen and Mähren. Each of these was further subdivided into Oberlandratsbezirke, each comprising a number of Bezirke.

NSDAP districts

For party administrative purposes the Nazi Party extended its Gau-system to Bohemia and Moravia when the Protectorate was established. This step divided the remaining parts of Bohemia and Moravia up between its four surrounding Gaue: 1. Reichsgau Sudetenland 2. Gau Bayreuth 3. Re