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  2. 2 days ago · Historical background See also: History of quantum field theory, History of subatomic physics, Julian Schwinger, and John Clive Ward In 1954, Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills extended the concept of gauge theory for abelian groups, e.g. quantum electrodynamics, to nonabelian groups to provide an explanation for strong interactions. In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu demonstrated parity was not conserved ...

  3. 3 days ago · The following is a list of tram/streetcar (including heritage trams/heritage streetcars ), or light rail systems with their track length, track gauge, electrification system . The vast majority of tram systems use 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8⁄ in) standard gauge. Generally, standard gauge is the standard for every brand new system (except for the former ...

  4. May 2, 2024 · This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .

  5. May 1, 2024 · Festiniog and Blaenau Railway. This railway was of 1' 11½" gauge and was taken over on 13 April 1883. It was later converted to standard gauge as the extension of the new Bala & Festiniog Railway after purchase by the Great Western Railway . Two locomotives were taken over, both being built by Manning Wardle .

    • Act of Incorporation
    • Keeps identity though the Grouping
  6. 3 days ago · Standard gauge: 79,685 kilometres (49,514 mi) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) gauge (2008) Metre gauge: 466 kilometres (290 mi) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) (Kunming–Hai Phong railway) Narrow gauge: 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi) 750 mm (2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) gauge local industrial lines (1998 est.) Mainlines

    • 5,072 metres (16,640 ft)
    • 3.660 billion passenger trips (2014)
  7. 4 days ago · By the mid-1840s, by act of Parliament the Stephenson gauge became the designated standard gauge for England. American railroads would also eventually adopt the Stephenson, or standard, gauge.

  8. 2 days ago · In 1846, the Bristol and Gloucester was bought by the Midland Railway and it was converted to standard gauge in 1854, which brought mixed-gauge track to Temple Meads station – this had three rails to allow trains to run on either broad or standard gauge.

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