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6 days ago · Middle Passage, the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. It was one leg of the triangular trade route that took goods from Europe to Africa, Africans to work as slaves in the Americas and the West Indies, and items produced on the plantations back to Europe.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn about the Middle Passage, the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas. Find out the conditions, routes, mortality rates, and resistance of the transatlantic voyage.
Feb 5, 2024 · Learn about the Middle Passage, the brutal voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that transported millions of Africans to slavery in the Americas. Find out the facts, summary, and significance of this part of the Triangular Trade System and the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
- Randal Rust
Learn about the history and legacy of the transatlantic slave trade that brought millions of Africans to North America. Explore the role of Boston in the Middle Passage and the voices of the enslaved and their descendants.
- Broad Overview of The Middle Passage
- The Transatlantic Journey
- Resistance by Enslaved People
- Impact and End of The Middle Passage
- Sources
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Between the 16th and 19th centuries, 12.4 million Africans were enslaved by Europeans and transported to various countries in the Americas. The Middle Passage was the middle stop of the "triangular trade": European ships would first sail to the western coast of Africa to trade a variety of goods for people who had been captured in war, kidnapped, o...
Each ship carried several hundred people, about 15% of whom died during the journey. Their bodies were thrown overboard and often eaten by sharks. Captives were fed twice a day and expected to exercise, often forced to dance while in shackles (and usually shackled to another person), in order to arrive in good condition for sale. They were kept in ...
There is evidence that up to 10% of these ships experienced violent resistance or insurrections by enslaved people. Many committed suicide by jumping overboard and others went on hunger strikes. Those who rebelled were punished cruelly, subjected to forced eating or whipped publicly (to set an example for others) with a "cat-o'-nine-tails (a whip o...
Enslaved people came from many different ethnic groups and spoke diverse languages. However, once they were shackled together on the ships and arrived in the American ports, they were given English (or Spanish or French) names. Their distinct ethnic identities (Igbo, Kongo, Wolof, Dahomey) were erased, as they were transformed into simply "Black" o...
Rediker, Marcus. The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.Miller, Joseph C. "The Transatlantic Slave Trade." Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade_TheWolfe, Brendan. "Slave Ships and the Middle Passage." Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slave_ships_and_the_middle_passageLearn about the horrific journey of millions of enslaved Africans from their home continent to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Explore the causes, conditions, consequences, and resistance of the Middle Passage, the second leg of the triangular trade.
- Rebecca Bodenheimer
Learn about the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade from a primary source and a historical narrative. See how the Livingston family suffered a financial loss due to high mortality on their slave ship in 1749.
Aug 26, 2024 · Learn about the history and impact of the transatlantic slave trade, which involved the purchase and transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas between 1517 and 1867. Explore the origins, routes, and destinations of the Middle Passage, as well as the role of sugar production and abolitionism.
