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Her doctoral dissertation "The Industrial Development of Poland" (Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens) was officially presented in the spring of 1897 at the University of Zurich which awarded her a Doctor of Law degree. Her dissertation was published by Duncker and Humblot in Leipzig in 1898.
In 1889, at 18, she fled to Switzerland and studied politics, economics, history, philosophy, and mathematics at the University of Zurich. In 1897, Luxemburg became one of the first women in the world to receive a Ph.D. While in Zurich, she continued her social activism and befriended many leading figures of the Russian social democratic movement.
Her doctoral dissertation, "The Industrial Development of Poland" (Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens), was officially presented in the spring of 1897 at the University of Zurich, which awarded her a Doctor of Law degree. Her dissertation was published by Duncker and Humblot in Leipzig in 1898. She was an oddity in Zurich as she was one of the ...
Close. Born and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. The same year, she was awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy from the University of Zurich, becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so.
- Life
- Assassination and Aftermath
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- Legacy
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Germany
Luxemburg wanted to move to Germany to be at the centre of the party struggle, but she had no way of obtaining permission to remain there indefinitely. In April 1897 she married the son of an old friend, Gustav Lübeck, in order to gain German citizenship. They never lived together and they formally divorced five years later. She returned briefly to Paris, then moved permanently to Berlin to begin her fight for Eduard Bernstein's constitutional reform movement. Luxemburg hated the stifling con...
In response to the uprising, Luxemburg's former student, German Chancellor and SPD leader Friedrich Ebert ordered the Freikorps to suppress the Soviet backed attempt at revolution, which was successfully crushed by 11 January 1919. Meanwhile, Luxemburg's Red Flagfalsely claimed that the rebellion was spreading across Germany. Luxemburg and Liebknec...
Revolutionary socialist democracy
Luxemburg professed a commitment to democracy and the necessity of revolution. Luxemburg's idea of democracy which Stanley Aronowitz calls "generalized democracy in an unarticulated form" represents Luxemburg's greatest break with "mainstream communism" since it effectively diminishes the role of the communist party, but it is in fact very similar to the views of Karl Marx ("The emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves"). According to Aronowitz,...
The Accumulation of Capital
The Accumulation of Capital was the only work Luxemburg officially published on economics during her lifetime. In the polemic, she argued that capitalism needs to constantly expand into non-capitalist areas in order to access new supply sources, markets for surplus value and reservoirs of labour. According to Luxemburg, Marx had made an error in Das Kapitalin that the proletariat could not afford to buy the commodities they produced and by his own criteria it was impossible for capitalists to...
Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisation
The Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisation was the central feature of Luxemburg's political philosophy, wherein spontaneity is a grassroots approach to organising a party-oriented class struggle. She argued that spontaneity and organisation are not separable or separate activities, but different moments of one political process as one does not exist without the other. Luxemburg did not hold spontaneism as an abstraction, but she developed the Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisationunder...
Poland
In spite of her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, her opposition to the independence of the Second Polish Republicand later criticism from Stalinists have made Róza Luksemburg a controversial historical figure in the modern Third Polish Republic's political discourse. During the Polish People's Republic, a manufacturing facility of electric lamps in the Wola district of Warsaw (Polish capital and the place where Luksemburg was raised and grew up), was established and n...
Germany
In 1919, Bertolt Brecht wrote the poetic memorial Epitaph honouring Luxemburg and Kurt Weill set it to music in The Berlin Requiemin 1928: The famous Monument to Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, originally named Monument to the November Revolution (Revolutionsdenkmal) which was designed by pioneering modernist and later Bauhaus director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and built in 1926 in Berlin-Lichtenberg and destroyed in 1935. The memorial took the form of a suprematist composition of brick ma...
Russia
Opponents and critics of the far-left have often had a very different interpretation of Luxemburg's murder. Russian historian Edvard Radzinsky has gone on the record as a very harsh critic of the Soviet Government for spending so much money abroad to fund the efforts of those like Liebknecht and Luxemburg to covertly destabilise and overthrow the Weimar Republic and other Western Governments. In the Soviet Union during the same time, mass starvation was taking place, first due to Vladimir Len...
The Accumulation of Capital, translated by Agnes Schwarzschild in 1951. Routledge Classics 2003 edition. Originally published as Die Akkumulation des Kapitalsin 1913.The Accumulation of Capital: an Anticritique, written in 1915.Gesammelte Werke(Collected Works), 5 volumes, Berlin, 1970–1975.Gesammelte Briefe(Collected Letters), 6 volumes, Berlin, 1982–1997.In Spanish: Rosa Luxemburgo para niños 1. Proletarian internationalism 2. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 3. List of peace activists 4. Clara Zetkin 5. Nadezhda Krupskaya 6. Alexandra Kollontai
Economists such as Victor Böhmert (UZH 1866-1875), Julius Wolf (UZH 1888-1897) and Heinrich Herkner (UZH 1898-1907) contributed significantly to the debates about the situation of the working class and discussions leading to the establishment of a central bank. "Women's Studies in Economics" Zurich allowed women to enter university very early on.
education. In the mid-19th century the University of Zürich (1833), maintained by the canton, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (1855) were founded. The University of Zürich was the first university in Europe to accept female students. Zürich also boasts a long line of Nobel Prize winners among its citizenry,….
