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R2019 · Drama · 2h 15mThe first choice for Grammy-winning mixing engineers, music producers, musicians and sound designers, Waves is the world-leading maker of audio plugins, software and hardware for audio mixing, music production, mastering, post-production and live sound.
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Jan 11, 2023 · Waves are ubiquitous phenomena in nature and technology. In this chapter, you will learn the basic concepts and properties of waves, such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. You will also explore different types of waves, such as transverse, longitudinal, and standing waves, and how they relate to sound and light. This chapter will prepare you for the more advanced topics of ...
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What are the different types of waves?
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How does the propagation of a wave through a medium depend on the medium’s properties?
- Overview
- Types and features of waves
- Wave behaviour
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Interference
- Doppler effect
- Standing waves
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wave, propagation of disturbances from place to place in a regular and organized way. Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties. In the simplest waves, the disturbance oscillates periodically (see periodic motion) with a fixed frequency and wavelengt...
Waves come in two kinds, longitudinal and transverse. Transverse waves are like those on water, with the surface going up and down, and longitudinal waves are like of those of sound, consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions in a medium. The high point of a transverse wave is a called the crest, and the low point is called the trough. For longitudinal waves, the compressions and rarefactions are analogous to the crests and troughs of transverse waves. The distance between successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength. The height of a wave is the amplitude. How many crests or troughs pass a specific point during a unit of time is called the frequency. The velocity of a wave can be expressed as the wavelength multiplied by the frequency.
Britannica Quiz
Physics and Natural Law
Waves can travel immense distances even though the oscillation at one point is very small. For example, a thunderclap can be heard kilometres away, yet the sound carried manifests itself at any point only as minute compressions and rarefactions of the air.
Waves display several basic phenomena. In reflection, a wave encounters an obstacle and is reflected back. In refraction, a wave bends when it enters a medium through which it has a different speed. In diffraction, waves bend when they pass around small obstacles and spread out when they pass through small openings. In interference, when two waves ...
When waves hit a boundary and are reflected, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is the angle between the direction of motion of the wave and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting boundary.
The speed of a wave depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels. For example, sound travels much faster through water than through air. When a wave enters at an angle a medium through which its speed would be slower, the wave is bent toward the perpendicular. When a wave enters at an angle a medium in which its speed would be increased, the opposite effect happens. With light, this change can be expressed by using Snell’s law of refraction.
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When a wave encounters a small obstacle or a small opening (that is, small compared with the wavelength of the wave), the wave can bend around the obstacle or pass through the opening and then spread out. This bending or spreading out is called diffraction.
The waves from two or more centres of disturbance may reinforce each other in some directions and cancel in others. This phenomenon is called the interference of waves. It is easy to see how this may happen. Consider two sources producing waves of the same wavelength and in phase; that is, at their origin the crests of the waves occur at the same t...
When the source of a wave moves relative to an observer, the observer notices a change in the frequency of the wave. This change is called the Doppler effect, after its discoverer, Austrian physicist Christian Doppler.
Consider a source emitting a wave such as light or sound of frequency ν moving away from an observer at velocity v. The successive crests of the light waves will reach the observer at longer intervals than if the observer were at rest, and calculation shows that the observer will receive them with a frequency ν(1−v/c), where c is the velocity of the wave. The frequency of the wave will appear to the observer slightly lower than it would if the source were at rest. If the source is approaching, the frequency will be higher.
If a wave is confined to a closed space, it undergoes both reflection and interference. For example, consider a tube of length l. A disturbance anywhere in the air in the tube will be reflected from both ends and produce in general a series of waves traveling in both directions along the tube. From the geometry of the situation and the finite constant value of acoustic velocity, these must be periodic waves with frequencies fixed by the boundary conditions at the end of the tube. The allowed frequencies of the waves in the tube satisfy sin kl = 0; i.e., the allowed frequencies are ν = nv/2l, where n is any integer and v is the acoustic velocity in the tube. These are the frequencies of harmonic waves that can exist in the tube and still satisfy the boundary conditions at the ends. They are called the characteristic frequencies or normal modes of vibration of the air column. The fundamental frequency (n = 1) is ν = v/2l.
The higher frequencies, called harmonics or overtones, are multiples of the fundamental. It is customary to refer to the fundamental as the first harmonic; n = 2 gives the second harmonic or first overtone, and so on. Approximately the same set of characteristic frequencies hold for a cylindrical tube open at both ends, though the boundary conditions are different.
Learn about the behavior, properties, and features of waves, such as sound, light, and electromagnetic radiation. Explore how waves reflect, refract, diffract, interfere, and exhibit the Doppler effect.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn about waves, their types, properties and examples in physics. Find out how waves transfer energy, what are their characteristics and how they differ from each other.
- 140 min
- 2041
- What is a wave?A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net movement of particles. It may take the form of elastic deformation, a variati...
- Define frequency of a wave.Frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in a certain time. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) which is equal to one wave per se...
- Define amplitude of a wave.Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the neutral position. This represents the energy of the wave. Greater amplitude carries greater energy.
- What are electromagnetic waves?Electromagnetic waves are the disturbance that does not need any object medium for propagation and can easily travel through the vacuum. They are p...
- Give some examples of electromagnetic waves.Radio signals, light rays, x-rays, and cosmic rays are some of the examples of electromagnetic waves.
Wave. Surface waves in water showing water ripples. In physics, mathematics, engineering, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Periodic waves oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (resting) value at some frequency. When the entire waveform moves in one direction ...
Learn about transverse and longitudinal waves, the transfer of energy through a medium, and the difference between single wave pulses and periodic waves. Watch a video and see examples of waves in physics, such as sound waves and light waves.
- 13 min
- Sal Khan
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