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Jan 11, 2023 · We begin our study of waves in this first unit of Physics 7C with an introduction to waves and then a thorough development of the harmonic plane wave model, which we will use extensively to model and understand a wide variety of wave phenomena. In this section we will familiarize ourselves with waves by focusing on material waves.
Learn about transverse and longitudinal waves, the transfer of energy through a medium, and the difference between single wave pulses and periodic waves. Watch a video and see examples of waves in physics, such as sound waves and light waves.
- 13 min
- Sal Khan
- How does sound travel through wires?Andrew M's answer is definitely correct if you meant sound through an electrical speaker; however, if you are referring to a tin can telephone, the...
- How radio waves pass through walls, while light waves do not?To elaborate a bit, building materials are transparent to long wavelength waves because a wall will only absorb the energy of waves that have the r...
- how would you define energy?It's actually quite hard to define energy, but I would say @Ethan Dlugie gives the best definition here.
- this is true that light has properties of wave and matter.Then why doesn't it exerts pressure?Light can exert pressure though not much. The pressure exerted by electromagnetic radiation is called *Radiation Pressure*. http://en.wikipedia.org...
- because sound is made by a vibration and because atoms always vibrate, do they make even the tiniest...yes they make the tiniest amount of sound,according to the no of vibrations,called hertz,the sound is inaudible below 20hz
- what kind of waves are used in our microwavesIn microwaves, electromagnetic waves are used to heat up your food. The waves in your microwave are the same sort of waves that make up visible light.
- What happens to the wave if it is travelling through different mediums? Example: From a medium of hi...Great question! Unfortunately, the answer is kind of complicated. In general, if you keep EVERYTHING ELSE the same, the speed of sound in a gas (li...
- At 7:22 when the "speaker" pushed air forwards, how come the molecules of air went backwards?Some molecules which are pushed forward collide with the particles which are already present in the space forward. Because of these collisions they...
- Could anyone give a few examples each of transverse and longitudinal waves?Transverse waves: Electromagnetic waves(light waves, Radio waves),wave in a string etc. Longitudinal waves: compression waves in a spring, sound wa...
- because sound is made by a vibration and because atoms always vibrate, do they make even the tiniest...Yep! Even the most tiniest amount of sound is made by the vibration of atoms, just like any other.
- Overview
- Types and features of waves
- Wave behaviour
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Interference
- Doppler effect
- Standing waves
wave, propagation of disturbances from place to place in a regular and organized way. Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties. In the simplest waves, the disturbance oscillates periodically (see periodic motion) with a fixed frequency and wavelengt...
Waves come in two kinds, longitudinal and transverse. Transverse waves are like those on water, with the surface going up and down, and longitudinal waves are like of those of sound, consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions in a medium. The high point of a transverse wave is a called the crest, and the low point is called the trough. For longitudinal waves, the compressions and rarefactions are analogous to the crests and troughs of transverse waves. The distance between successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength. The height of a wave is the amplitude. How many crests or troughs pass a specific point during a unit of time is called the frequency. The velocity of a wave can be expressed as the wavelength multiplied by the frequency.
Britannica Quiz
Physics and Natural Law
Waves can travel immense distances even though the oscillation at one point is very small. For example, a thunderclap can be heard kilometres away, yet the sound carried manifests itself at any point only as minute compressions and rarefactions of the air.
Waves display several basic phenomena. In reflection, a wave encounters an obstacle and is reflected back. In refraction, a wave bends when it enters a medium through which it has a different speed. In diffraction, waves bend when they pass around small obstacles and spread out when they pass through small openings. In interference, when two waves ...
When waves hit a boundary and are reflected, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is the angle between the direction of motion of the wave and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting boundary.
The speed of a wave depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels. For example, sound travels much faster through water than through air. When a wave enters at an angle a medium through which its speed would be slower, the wave is bent toward the perpendicular. When a wave enters at an angle a medium in which its speed would be increased, the opposite effect happens. With light, this change can be expressed by using Snell’s law of refraction.
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When a wave encounters a small obstacle or a small opening (that is, small compared with the wavelength of the wave), the wave can bend around the obstacle or pass through the opening and then spread out. This bending or spreading out is called diffraction.
The waves from two or more centres of disturbance may reinforce each other in some directions and cancel in others. This phenomenon is called the interference of waves. It is easy to see how this may happen. Consider two sources producing waves of the same wavelength and in phase; that is, at their origin the crests of the waves occur at the same t...
When the source of a wave moves relative to an observer, the observer notices a change in the frequency of the wave. This change is called the Doppler effect, after its discoverer, Austrian physicist Christian Doppler.
Consider a source emitting a wave such as light or sound of frequency ν moving away from an observer at velocity v. The successive crests of the light waves will reach the observer at longer intervals than if the observer were at rest, and calculation shows that the observer will receive them with a frequency ν(1−v/c), where c is the velocity of the wave. The frequency of the wave will appear to the observer slightly lower than it would if the source were at rest. If the source is approaching, the frequency will be higher.
If a wave is confined to a closed space, it undergoes both reflection and interference. For example, consider a tube of length l. A disturbance anywhere in the air in the tube will be reflected from both ends and produce in general a series of waves traveling in both directions along the tube. From the geometry of the situation and the finite constant value of acoustic velocity, these must be periodic waves with frequencies fixed by the boundary conditions at the end of the tube. The allowed frequencies of the waves in the tube satisfy sin kl = 0; i.e., the allowed frequencies are ν = nv/2l, where n is any integer and v is the acoustic velocity in the tube. These are the frequencies of harmonic waves that can exist in the tube and still satisfy the boundary conditions at the ends. They are called the characteristic frequencies or normal modes of vibration of the air column. The fundamental frequency (n = 1) is ν = v/2l.
The higher frequencies, called harmonics or overtones, are multiples of the fundamental. It is customary to refer to the fundamental as the first harmonic; n = 2 gives the second harmonic or first overtone, and so on. Approximately the same set of characteristic frequencies hold for a cylindrical tube open at both ends, though the boundary conditions are different.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn about the phenomena of waves, from transverse and longitudinal waves to sound and light. Test your knowledge with quizzes and unit tests on Khan Academy, a nonprofit that relies on donations.
People also ask
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Learn about mechanical waves, pulse waves, periodic waves, transverse waves, and longitudinal waves with examples and diagrams. Explore how waves transfer energy and motion in different media and situations.
1 day ago · Wind causes young waves to grow higher, longer and faster. During this self-amplification, a wave grows disproportionately at the expense of its neighbors. "We show young waves display signs of ...
