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     • Enigma, device used by the German military to encode strategic messages before and during World War II. The Enigma code was first broken by the Poles in the early 1930s. In 1939 the Poles turned their information over to the British, who set up the code-breaking group Ultra, under mathematician Alan M. Turing.
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     Enigma | Definition, Machine, History, Alan Turing, & Facts

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   What did Alan Turing write about Enigma?

   • The Prof's Book: Turing's Treatise on the Enigma. In late 1940 Alan Turing wrote a report describing the methods he and his colleagues at Bletchley Park had used to break into the German Enigma cipher systems. At Bletchley it was known as 'the Prof's Book.'

   Alan Turing - Wikipedia

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   Who was Alan Turing?

   • Alan Turing was a brilliant mathematician. Born in London in 1912, he studied at both Cambridge and Princeton universities. He was already working part-time for the British Government’s Code and Cypher School before the Second World War broke out.

   How Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code | Imperial War Museums

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   Who wrote Alan Turing?

   • Michael Saler, in The Times Literary Supplement. Andrew Hodges' 1983 book "Alan Turing: The Enigma," is the indispensable guide to Turing's life and work and one of the finest biographies of a scientific genius ever written. Michael Hiltzik, Los Angeles Times .

   Alan Turing: The Enigma (Andrew Hodges)

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   What did Alan Turing invent?

   • Alan Turing was a British mathematician and logician, a major contributor to mathematics, cryptanalysis, computer science, and artificial intelligence. He invented the universal Turing machine, an abstract computing machine that encapsulates the fundamental logical principles of the digital computer.

   Alan Turing | Biography, Facts, Computer, Machine ... - Britannica

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3. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Alan_TuringAlan Turing - Wikipedia

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   From September 1938, Turing worked part-time with the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), the British codebreaking organisation. He concentrated on cryptanalysis of the Enigma cipher machine used by Nazi Germany, together with Dilly Knox, a senior GC&CS codebreaker. [73]

   • Born: Alan Mathison Turing, 23 June 1912, Maida Vale, London, England
   • Died: 7 June 1954 (aged 41), Wilmslow, Cheshire, England

   • Cause of death: Cyanide poisoning
   • Education: Sherborne School

4. www.iwm.org.uk › history › how-alan-turing-crackedHow Alan Turing Cracked The Enigma Code | Imperial War Museums

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   • Turingery and Delilah
   • The Universal Turing Machine
   • Legacy

   In July 1942, Turing developed a complex code-breaking technique he named ‘Turingery’. This method fed into work by others at Bletchley in understanding the ‘Lorenz’ cipher machine. Lorenz enciphered German strategic messages of high importance: the ability of Bletchley to read these contributed greatly to the Allied war effort. Turing travelled to...

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   In 1936, Turing had invented a hypothetical computing device that came to be known as the ‘universal Turing machine’. After the Second World War ended, he continued his research in this area, building on his earlier work and incorporating all he'd learnt during the war. Whilst working for the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Turing published a d...

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   In 1952, Alan Turing was arrested for homosexuality – which was then illegal in Britain. He was found guilty of ‘gross indecency’ (this conviction was overturned in 2013) but avoided a prison sentence by accepting chemical castration. In 1954, he was found dead from cyanide poisoning. An inquest ruled that it was suicide. The legacy of Alan Turing’...

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6. www.britannica.com › biography › Alan-TuringAlan Turing | Biography, Facts, Computer, Machine, Education ...

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   Apr 12, 2024 · The Enigma machine was used by Germans to code their military communications during World War II. British mathematician Alan Turing helped break the Enigma code. (more)

7. www.britannica.com › biography › Alan-TuringAlan Turing - Computer Designer, Codebreaker, Enigma

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   Alan Turing - Computer Designer, Codebreaker, Enigma: In 1945, the war over, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London to create an electronic computer. His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first complete specification of an electronic stored-program all-purpose digital computer.

8. www.britannica.com › topic › Enigma-German-code-deviceEnigma | Definition, Machine, History, Alan Turing, & Facts

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   Apr 27, 2024 · In 1939, with the growing likelihood of a German invasion, the Poles turned their information over to the British, who set up a secret code-breaking group known as Ultra, under mathematician Alan M. Turing. Because the Germans shared their encryption device with the Japanese, Ultra also contributed to Allied victories in the Pacific.

   • Author: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

   • What is Enigma?

     Enigma was a cipher device used by Nazi Germany’s military command to encode strategic messages before and during World War II.
   • Why was Enigma so hard to break?

     The number of permutations of settings available to the encoders made the Enigma code difficult to break. The operator set the machine’s rotating w...
   • How did Enigma work?

     The Enigma machine produced encoded messages. Electrical signals from a typewriter-like keyboard were routed through a series of rotating wheels as...
   • How was Enigma cracked?

     In 1932–33 Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski deduced the wiring pattern inside the wheels of Enigma, assisted by Enigma operating manuals provid...
   • Who broke the Enigma code?

     The Enigma code was broken through the collaboration of the French secret service, the Polish Cipher Bureau, and the British government cryptologic...

9. Videos

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     Alan Turing: The Enigma

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     Alan Turing | A Genius With A Complex Personal Life

     Jun 8, 2019

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     Dr. Andrew Hodges — Alan Turing: The Enigma

     Apr 30, 2018

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10. www.turing.org.uk › bookAlan Turing: The Enigma (Andrew Hodges)

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    Andrew Hodges' 1983 book "Alan Turing: The Enigma," is the indispensable guide to Turing's life and work and one of the finest biographies of a scientific genius ever written. Michael Hiltzik, Los Angeles Times .

11. www.cia.gov › stories › storyThe Enigma of Alan Turing - CIA - The World Factbook

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    Stories. The Enigma of Alan Turing. April 10, 2015. Innovation and Tech. Alan Turing—an English mathematician, logician, and cryptanalyst—was a computer pioneer.