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Learn how to format references in APA Style, a standard system for citing sources in academic writing. Find examples of references for different types of works and tips for accuracy and consistency.
- Basic Principles of Reference List Entries
Some works contain suggested citations. These citations...
- Works Included in a Reference List
The reference list provides a reliable way for readers to...
- Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies
APA publications and other publishers and institutions using...
- Archival Documents and Collections
Archival sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts,...
- Webpage on a Website References
For a page on a government website without individual...
- Elements of Reference List Entries
A summary of this guidance is presented on the page about...
- Meta-Analysis References
In your reference list, place an asterisk at the beginning...
- Missing Reference Information
Sometimes the information needed to create a reference list...
- Journal Article References
If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the...
- Book/ebook References
Book/ebook references are covered in the seventh edition APA...
- Basic Principles of Reference List Entries
- Apa In-Text Citations
- Apa References
- Formatting The Apa Reference Page
- Free Lecture Slides
- GeneratedCaptionsTabForHeroSec
The basics
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism. An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 202...
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator. 1. Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). 2. Narrative citation: Smith (2020)notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization. Generate APA citations for free
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
The basics
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page right after the main body and before any appendices. On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: 1. Double spacing (within and between references) 2. Hanging indent of ½ inch 3. Legible font (e.g. Times New Roma...
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communicationsthat your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Open Google SlidesDownload PowerPoint
Scribbr helps you create perfect APA citations for websites, books, articles, and more. Use the Chrome extension, the manual citation tool, or the citation guides to cite like a pro.
- (Smith, 2020)
- (Smith et al., 2020)
- (Scribbr, 2020)
- (Smith & Jones, 2020)
Generate citations in APA style quickly and automatically with MyBib, a software tool that formats academic sources according to the official APA guidelines. Search for websites, books, journals, and more, and download your bibliography to Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
- 🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) styl...
- 👩🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these lea...
- 🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonab...
- ⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:...
Jan 18, 2021 · Scribbr helps you create perfect APA references and citations for free. Search for your source by title, URL, ISBN, or DOI and get tips, guides, and annotations for APA style.
Learn how to write an APA style paper with this comprehensive guide from Purdue OWL. Find out the general format, in-text citations, reference list, and other APA resources.
Nov 6, 2020 · Learn how to format your paper according to APA Style 7th edition guidelines. Find out how to set up page margins, headings, title page, abstract, reference page, and more.
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Learn how to format references for different types of sources in APA Style, the most widely used citation style in the social sciences. Browse more than 100 examples of references and in-text citations for textual works, data and assessments, audiovisual media, online media, and more.
